Fig. 5.

Vigilance state-dependent Granger Causality (GC) between VM and motor cortex. a Raw traces of temporal GC from M1 or M2 to VM (gray line) and VM to M1 or M2 (black line). b Temporal GC strengths across all cortical channels, in the same mice shown in a. Light or dark shaded area indicates the range of supra- or infra-granular layers, respectively. c Group-mean temporal GC strengths in the supra- or infra-granular layer channels. d Directed causal influence between VM and cortex through distinct frequency channels. In all columns, wake (top), NREM sleep (middle), and REM sleep (bottom). All error bars show standard errors of GC strengths (n = 5 mice)