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. 2018 May 29;8:8297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26627-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Synthetic example. (a) Raw image scores of minimal drinkers (green) and regular drinkers (black). Each group consisted of 30 samples with ages randomly chosen between 17 and 21 years. The gray region indicates the solution space for the optimal regression line defining the GAM mode. (b) Classification based on raw scores did not accurately distinguish the two groups (red line). (c) Removing age-effects from the raw scores via GAM clearly separated both groups with only a few mislabeled sample points, and (d) classification using the joint method resulted in perfect group separation.