Table 1.

Recent advances in material development for stem cell applications.

material source	stem cell application
protein
albumin [23]	MSC osteogenesis
alginate [24]	hPSC switch from self-renewal to differentiation
collagen [25]	MSC chondrogenesis
collagen nanovibrational bioreactor [26]	MSC osteogenesis
collagen-RGD [27]	MSC articular cartilage formation
elastin with citric acid [28]	MSC osteogenesis
ELP, ELP-HA [29,30]	ADSC, MSC
fibrin-IKVAV [31]	neural SC differentiation
fibronectin-Au [32]	MSC endothelialization
heparin [33]	hPSC expansion
hyaluronic acid [34]	MSC chondrogenesis
laminin 521 and laminin 111 [35]	hESC to hepatocyte
recombinant protein hydrogels [36–39]	hiPSC-EC, ADSC,
peptide
Au-SAM with RGD [40]	MSC differentiation capacity
EAK [41]	MSC proliferation
Fmoc-F2/S [42]	pericyte chondrogenesis
RADA-PRG (modified PuraMatrix®) [43,44]	mouse neonatal epidermal cells, rMSC neurogenesis
RGD on decellularized pig heart valves [45]	EPC proliferation
Synthemax® [46]	iPSC expansion and differentiation
polymer
enzymatically responsive PEG [47–52]	iPSC, hESC, mESC, MSC, organoids, mouse pancreatic progenitor
gellan gum [53]	hPSC 3D spheres
methylcellulose [54]	MSC chondrogenesis
nanotopographically imprinted PCL [55,56]	MSC maintenance and osteogenesis
NO-releasing chitosan [57]	hP-MSC angiogenic potential
P(PEGMEMA-r-GMA-r-VDM) [58]	MSC proliferation
PEG with RGD and MMP tethering [59,60]	MSC migration
photodegradable PEG [61,62]	MSC ‘mechanical memory’
polyacrylate/acrylamide thermoresponsive hydrogel [63–65]	hESC, MSC, mESC
polyacrylate/polyurethane [66–68]	hESC, MSC, C6 rat GSC
polypyrrole [69]	MSC osteogenesis
polystyrene TopoChip [70]	iPSC proliferation
polyurethane [71–74]	hESC-derived HE, HPC, iPSC-derived hepatocytes, H9
ternary polymer blends [75,76]	STRO-1+ skeletal SC, fetal skeletal SC