FIG 2.

Schematic diagram showing the potential modulatory impact of mosquito salivary proteins on alphavirus pathogenesis, including (i) extensive cutaneous edema to retain viruses at the mosquito bite site, (ii) inflammation and recruitment of virus-susceptible immune cells to the site of infection, (iii) increased endothelial permeability and thus facilitation of virus dissemination and transmigration of cells, (iv) suppression of host innate immune response to benefit virus survival and replication, (v) subversion of the host adaptive immune response, and (vi) interaction with virus and host to enhance internalization of virus into the host cell.