Table 1.
Patient characteristics, based on patient groups (depression group, mania or hypomania group, and euthymia group).
| Depression (n = 32) | Maniaa (n = 22) | Euthymia (n = 25) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 45.0(10.0) | 43.4(12.2) | 47.8(11.1) | NS |
| [Age range] (years) | [24-63] | [20-64] | [26-64] | |
| Sex, male/female | 16/16 | 13/9 | 11/14 | NS |
| Outpatient/In-patient | 27/5 | 14/8 | 24/1 | 0.01d |
| Education, years (SD) | 13.8(2.2) | 13.2(2.6) | 13.6(2.0) | NS |
| Employment history (%) | 29(90.4) | 21(95.5) | 24(96.0) | NS |
| Current employment (%) | 15(46.9) | 7(31.8) | 13(52.0) | NS |
| Marital history (%) | 16(50.0) | 8(36.4) | 14(56.0) | NS |
| Smoking (%) | 8(25.0) | 9(40.9) | 8(32.0) | NS |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 8(25.0) | 6(27.3) | 5(20.0) | NS |
| Substance use (%) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.5) | 2(8.0) | NS |
| Physical disease (%) | 14(43.8) | 13(59.1) | 11(44.0) | NS |
| Psychiatric comorbidity (%) | 21(65.6) | 13(59.1) | 5(20.0) | 0.001d |
| Family psychiatric historyb (%) | 9(28.1) | 9(40.9) | 9(36.0) | NS |
| Type, Bipolar I/II | 11/21 | 13/9 | 10/15 | NS |
| Clinical featuresc | ||||
| With anxious distress (%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.0) | NS |
| With mixed features (%) | 2(6.3) | 9(40.9) | 3(12.0) | 0.003d |
| With rapid cycling (%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | NS |
| With melancholic features (%) | 14(43.8) | 3(13.6) | 5(20.0) | 0.03d |
| With atypical features (%) | 2(6.3) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | NS |
| With psychotic features (%) | 8(25.0) | 7(31.8) | 9(36.0) | NS |
| With catatonia (%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | NS |
| With peripartum onset (%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.0) | NS |
| With seasonal pattern (%) | 2(6.3) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | NS |
| Disease duration, years (SD) | 16.0(7.9) | 18.9(10.5) | 16.2(10.9) | NS |
| Therapy duration, years (SD) | 12.8(7.7) | 12.7(8.6) | 13.1(10.3) | NS |
| HDRS, points (SD) | 14.6(4.9) | 7.9(4.9) | 3.2(2.0) | 4.0 × 10−15d |
| YMRS, points (SD) | 1.9(1.9) | 13.7(5.0) | 1.2(1.7) | 1.0 × 10−14d |
Variables represent mean (standard deviation: SD).
HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; NS, not significant.
a
Including mania and hypomania patients.
b
Family history of psychiatric disorder in a first-degree relative.
c
Clinical features include current or past episode and may overlap.
d
The data for the three groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Games–Howell test for multiple comparisons.