. 2018 May 23;6:172. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00172

Table 3.

Extraction efficacies of the synthesized ILs in spiked synthetic as well as natural water feed solutions for an extraction time of 1 h, n = 3.

		Extraction efficacy (%)
Sample	IL	Ag	Cd	Cu	Pb
Pure water	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	47.1 ± 2.0	35.0 ± 0.8	58.8 ± 3.5	75.9 ± 7.5
	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	16.1 ± 0.9	41.1 ± 5.4	73.2 ± 2.3	53.8 ± 4.2
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	14.1 ± 0.9	41.9 ± 4.7	91.6 ± 0.7	74.4 ± 1.2
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	63.3 ± 1.7	80.9 ± 4.8	60.9 ± 2.4	54.2 ± 9.2
Water-NaCl	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	24.0 ± 1.6	34.8 ± 3.9	67.7 ± 1.9	43.9 ± 2.8
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	37.9 ± 3.3	41.9 ± 7.4	51.5 ± 5.7	40.1 ± 3.7
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	41.6 ± 4.8	34.4 ± 5.6	29.9 ± 3.9	35.7 ± 5.8
Water-HS	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	21.3 ± 0.6	33.0 ± 1.0	22.1 ± 0.5	21.9 ± 4.4
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	13.2 ± 4.1	22.8 ± 3.3	20.5 ± 1.6	13.9 ± 7.2
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	60.8 ± 1.0	82.4 ± 1.5	52.3 ± 0.7	31.3 ± 10.8
Water-HS-NaCl	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	32.6 ± 1.7	23.1 ± 3.7	24.9 ± 3.0	23.4 ± 0.9
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	8.4 ± 3.7	38.9 ± 5.3	21.7 ± 7.5	22.7 ± 6.3
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	81.1 ± 1.5	73.5 ± 6.8	81.3 ± 6.8	75.3 ± 1.4
Drinking water	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	73.0 ± 3.8	44.0 ± 5.8	71.7 ± 2.3	57.7 ± 4.2
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	78.4 ± 8.4	45.2 ± 5.1	91.4 ± 2.3	63.6 ± 6.9
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	1.9 ± 1.6	64.4 ± 2.0	51.4 ± 0.0	36.1 ± 2.4
WWTP effluent	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	0.8 ± 0.5	36.7 ± 1.8	44.6 ± 1.4	20.7 ± 0.0
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	3.4 ± 0.5	20.3 ± 6.3	42.2 ± 8.9	6.9 ± 0.0
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	62.0 ± 0.9	73.9 ± 0.5	57.4 ± 4.6	39.4 ± 5.3
Seawater	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	30.7 ± 5.1	56.6 ± 4.6	63.5 ± 6.6	28.3 ± 2.1
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	29.0 ± 2.8	52.0 ± 4.0	48.1 ± 5.9	19.3 ± 2.1
	[P₆₆₆₁₄][HNA]	56.9 ± 2.3	76.0 ± 4.4	51.8 ± 9.9	29.5 ± 4.0
Hypersaline water	[P₁₈₈₈][HNA]	19.6 ± 5.0	44.0 ± 6.0	31.3 ± 5.9	14.0 ± 2.0
	[N₁₈₈₈][HNA]	7.1 ± 0.0	38.3 ± 3.4	29.4 ± 3.3	15.4 ± 2.0