Table 2.
Hazard Ratios for Insulin Initiation by Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI) Model 1* |
HR (95% CI) Model 2† |
HR (95% CI) Model 3‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.77 (0.71–0.85) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) |
| Female | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) |
| Race/ethnicity | P = 0.004 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 0.62 (0.51–0.74) | 0.77 (0.63–0.93) |
| Hispanic | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | 0.60 (0.49–0.72) | 0.66 (0.52–0.83) |
| Other | 1.08 (0.80–1.47) | 1.04 (0.77–1.42) | 1.08 (0.79–1.48) |
| HbA1c (per 1%) | 1.48 (1.44–1.52) | 1.50 (1.46–1.55) | 1.40 (1.36–1.45) |
| Smoking status | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.003 |
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
| Current | 1.72 (1.31–2.26) | 1.69 (1.28–2.22) | 1.62 (1.22–2.16) |
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) |
| Hypertension | 1.90 (1.41–2.58) | 2.20 (1.62–2.98) | 1.46 (1.07–2.00) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.44 (1.27–1.62) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.49 (1.27–1.76) | 1.62 (1.37–1.93) | 1.56 (1.31–1.86) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 1.37 (1.20–1.55) | 1.34 (1.18–1.52) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 1.36 (1.17–1.59) | 1.21 (1.04–1.42) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) |
| Diabetes duration (per 10 years) | 1.47 (1.35–1.60) | 1.49 (1.36–1.64) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) |
| No. of antihyperglycemic drugs | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| 0–1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 5.66 (4.51–7.08) | 4.47 (3.57–5.60) | 4.12 (3.28–5.18) |
| 3 or more | 21.65 (17.46–26.82) | 15.64 (12.58–19.45) | 14.01(11.21–17.51) |
| Family history of diabetes | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) |
| Source of medical care | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Private office | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Hospital-affiliated clinic | 1.40 (1.17–1.68) | 1.40 (1.16–1.69) | 1.49 (1.23–1.81) |
| Community care center | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.70 (0.49–1.02) | 0.76 (0.51–1.11) |
| Other | 1.47 (1.11–1.95) | 1.35 (1.02–1.79) | 1.60 (1.21–2.13) |
| No usual care | 0.17 (0.02–1.19) | 0.12 (0.02–0.85) | 0.33 (0.05–2.37) |
| No health insurance | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) |
| Unemployed | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) |
| Highest level of education§ | P = 0.786 | P = 0.226 | P = 0.408 |
| Doctorate or professional degree | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Bachelor's or master's degree | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | 1.24 (0.93–1.65) |
| High school diploma | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 1.27 (0.96–1.69) | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) |
| Less than high school | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 1.06 (0.70–1.61) | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) |
| Other | 0.96 (0.58–1.57) | 1.23 (0.75–2.03) | 1.37 (0.83–2.27) |
| Yearly family income§ | P = 0.011 | P = 0.112 | P = 0.541 |
| > $80,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| $60,000–80,000 | 1.05 (0.87–1.25) | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) |
| $40,000–60,000 | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) |
| $20,000–40,000 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.91 (0.74–1.10) | 0.96 (0.77–1.18) |
| < $20,000 | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) |
| Missing | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
| Randomized to the ILI arm | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) |
For multi-categorical variables, the global P-value (nominal variables) or P-value for linear trend (ordinal variables) is displayed on the row aligned with the variable name. Boldface type indicates P ≤ 0.05. ILI, intensive lifestyle intervention
*Each characteristic is adjusted for treatment arm only
†Each characteristic is adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, HbA1c, and treatment arm
‡Each characteristic is adjusted for all listed characteristics
§The “Other” and “Missing” categories were omitted from analysis of linear trends