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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2018 Mar 23;135:431–443. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.019

Figure 3. Antioxidants, PPF and PIO, reduce cocaine-mediated DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress.

Figure 3

Normal human astrocytes (NHA) were treated with increasing doses of cocaine (0- 10 μM) in parallel to untreated NHA for 24 hr. DNA fragmentation was measured at all cocaine concentrations (A). Cocaine-induced oxidative stress was measured using the ROS-glo assay (Promega) in a dose-dependent manner (0-10 μM, EC50 = 72.8 nM, B). Astrocytes were treated with cocaine (0.1 μM) +/− PPF (10 μM) or PIO (1 μM), and changes in DNA fragmentation (C) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (D) were quantified at 24 hr. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism V6.0 with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analysis for multiple comparisons. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant and data represent means +/− SEM. Representative graphs are shown from a minimum of three independent astrocyte experiments each tested and analyzed in a minimum of technical triplicate determinations. (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001)