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The effect of (A) calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, (B) calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals, (C) cystine crystals, and (D) sodium oxalate (NaOx) on THP-1 cell viability. Results are means ± SEM; n = 3–5 individual experiments. *p < 0.05 compared to untreated monocytes.
