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. 2018 May 23;9:537. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00537

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Copyright © 2018 Kang, Kwon, Ryu, Lee, Lee, Kim, Lee, Oh, Lee, Lee and Kim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HOD activates the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. (A) HOD stimulates the phosphorylation at Thr172 of AMPKα and Ser79 of its down-stream target ACC in HepG2 cells. (B) Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, blocks HOD-induced AMPK phosphorylation. The cells were exposed to 100 μM HOD for the indicated period with or without 25 μM compound C. (C) AMPK kinase activity using human recombinant AMPK was performed. Significance: ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. control. (D) HOD stimulates the phosphorylation at Ser428 of LKB1.