. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2017 Jul 28;17(9):528–542. doi: 10.1038/nrc.2017.53

Table 2.

Autophagy Biomarker Identification Trials

Autophagy biomarker	Methods of measurement	Tumor type	Clinical trial ID
Tumor hypoxia	18F-EF5 PET Tissue LC3II staining Autophagy gene expression	Clear cell ovarian	NCT01881451⁵⁴
Tumor hypoxia	18F-HX4 PET Autophagy gene expression	Cervical	NCT02233387⁵⁵
Autophagosomes	Autophagic vesicles in PBMC	Myeloma	NCT01594242¹⁴⁹
Metabolic alterations	18FDG PET Autophagic vesicles in PBMC	Colorectal	NCT01206530⁵⁶
Metabolic alterations	Serum metabolic studies	Advanced p53 malignancies	NCT02042989⁵⁷
Metabolic alterations	MRI including magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion weight imaging	Cervical	NCT01874548¹⁵⁰

18F-EF5, fluorine 18 (18F)-2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide (EF5); 18 FDG, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; HX4, flortanidazole; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PET, positron emission tomography