Table 1.
Synthesis of the characteristics of the included studies by level of intervention and PROGRESS factors
| Level of intervention | Patient level | Provider level | Health care systems level | Total QI strategies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total of studies | 29 | 3 | 26 | 58 | ||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Sample characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 55.13 | - | 55.37 | - | 53.82 | - | 55.06 | - |
| Sex, female (%) | 64.05 | 58.69 | 57.84 | 60.20 | ||||
| Baseline HgA1c (%; mmol/mol) | 8.88; 74 | 7.0–11.8; 53–105 | 9.53; 81 | 8.1–12.05; 31–109 | 8.51; 70 | 7.6–10.5; 60–91 | 8.88; 74 | 7.0–12.05; 53–109 |
| Progress factors reported at baseline | ||||||||
| Place of residence | 29 | 50 | 3 | 5.2 | 26 | 44.8 | 58 | - |
| Race/ethnicity | 26 | 49.1 | 3 | 5.7 | 24 | 45.3 | 53 | - |
| Occupation | 12 | 54.5 | – | - | 10 | 45.5 | 22 | - |
| Gender/sex | 24 | 46.2 | 3 | 5.8 | 25 | 48.1 | 52 | - |
| Religion | – | - | – | - | – | - | – | - |
| Education | 26 | 57.7 | 1 | 2.2 | 18 | 40.1 | 45 | - |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | – | - | – | - | – | - | – | - |
| Income | 20 | 62.5 | – | - | 12 | 37.5 | 32 | - |
| Social capital | 10 | 62.5 | - | - | 6 | 37.5 | 16 | - |
| Age | 28 | 50.0 | 3 | 5.4 | 25 | 44.7 | 56 | - |
| Disability | – | - | – | - | – | - | – | - |
| Sexual orientation | – | - | – | - | – | - | – | - |
| Study characteristics | ||||||||
| Year of publication | ||||||||
| 2005–2010 | 11 | 19 | 2 | 3.5 | 11 | 19 | 24 | 41.4 |
| 2011–2016 | 18 | 31 | 1 | 1.7 | 15 | 25.9 | 34 | 58.6 |
| Study location | ||||||||
| North America | 25 | 86.2 | 3 | 100 | 22 | 85 | 47 | |
| UK | 1 | 3.4 | – | - | 1 | 3.8 | 2 | 3.4 |
| Australia | – | – | – | - | 2 | - | 2 | 3.4 |
| Asia | 3 | 10.4 | – | - | 1 | 7.7 | 4 | 6.9 |
| Duration of study (months) | 10 | 3–26 | 4.5 | 0.25–36 | 12 | 6–60 | 8.9 | 0.25–60 |
| Average sample size (range) | 190 (56–526) | 1573 (182–4138) | 290 (65–1665) | 684 (50–4138) | ||||