Table 2.

Comparison of physical functions between the no HV group and the HV group, between the no HV-mild HV group and the moderate-severe HV group, and between the no HV or painless HV group and the painful HV group after adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index

		No HV	HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value	No HV-mild HV	Moderate-severe HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value	No HV or painless HV	Painful HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value
		(n = 402)	(n = 160)			(n = 495)	(n = 67)			(n = 529)	(n = 33)
Grip strength, kg	Crude	28.6 ± 8.5	25.1 ± 6.2			28.2 ± 8.2	23.1 ± 6.0			27.9 ± 8.1	23.2 ± 7.0
	Adjusted	27.6 ± 5.2	27.6 ± 5.2	0.007	0.910	27.8 ± 5.1	26.3 ± 5.2	−0.140	*0.034	27.7 ± 5.1	26.4 ± 5.1	−0.088	0.189
Single-leg stance time, s	Crude	31.2 ± 22.8	24.8 ± 22.1			30.0 ± 22.7	24.3 ± 22.7			29.8 ± 22.7	22.5 ± 22.9
	Adjusted	30.1 ± 18.3	27.4 ± 18.6	−0.079	0.125	29.6 ± 18.2	27.3 ± 18.5	− 0.051	0.332	29.5 ± 18.2	26.3 ± 18.3	− 0.052	0.323
Stand up from a chair time, s	Crude	10.1 ± 3.6	11.1 ± 4.5			10.2 ± 3.6	11.5 ± 5.5			10.3 ± 3.8	11.8 ± 4.3
	Adjusted	10.3 ± 3.4	10.7 ± 3.5	0.063	0.175	10.3 ± 3.4	11.2 ± 3.5	0.089	0.056	10.3 ± 3.4	11.3 ± 3.4	0.077	0.106
Usual gait speed, m/s	Crude	1.01 ± 0.21	1.01 ± 0.24			1.02 ± 0.21	1.00 ± 0.26			1.02 ± 0.22	0.92 ± 0.25
	Adjusted	1.01 ± 0.20	1.03 ± 0.20	0.039	0.376	1.02 ± 0.20	1.01 ± 0.20	−0.003	0.949	1.02 ± 0.21	0.93 ± 0.20	− 0.108	*0.017
Maximum gait speed, m/s	Crude	1.33 ± 0.27	1.28 ± 0.31			1.33 ± 0.27	1.22 ± 0.33			1.33 ± 0.27	1.17 ± 0.37
	Adjusted	1.32 ± 0.24	1.32 ± 0.24	0.002	0.968	1.33 ± 0.24	1.26 ± 0.24	−0.103	*0.037	1.33 ± 0.23	1.22 ± 0.24	−0.120	*0.016

HV hallux valgus, M male, F female, s second, m/s meters per second

*p < 0.05