Table 3.

Comparison of physical functions between the no HV group and the HV group, between the no HV-mild HV group and the moderate-severe HV group, and between the no HV or painless HV group and the painful HV group after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and knee osteoarthritis

		No HV	HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value	No HV-mild HV	Moderate-severe HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value	No HV or painless HV	Painful HV	Standard partial regression coefficient	p Value
		(n = 402)	(n = 160)			(n = 495)	(n = 67)			(n = 529)	(n = 33)
Grip strength, kg	Crude	28.6 ± 8.5	25.1 ± 6.2			28.2 ± 8.2	23.1 ± 6.0			27.9 ± 8.1	23.2 ± 7.0
	Adjusted	27.6 ± 5.2	27.7 ± 5.3	0.007	0.813	27.7 ± 5.1	26.4 ± 5.2	−0.055	*0.043	27.7 ± 5.1	26.5 ± 5.1	−0.035	0.206
Single-leg stance time, s	Crude	31.2 ± 22.8	24.8 ± 22.1			30.0 ± 22.7	24.3 ± 22.7			29.8 ± 22.7	22.5 ± 22.9
	Adjusted	30.1 ± 18.4	27.6 ± 18.7	−0.049	0.162	29.6 ± 18.2	27.5 ± 18.6	− 0.03	0.391	29.5 ± 18.2	26.5 ± 18.3	−0.032	0.351
Stand up from a chair time, s	Crude	10.1 ± 3.6	11.1 ± 4.5			10.2 ± 3.6	11.5 ± 5.5			10.3 ± 3.8	11.3 ± 4.3
	Adjusted	10.3 ± 3.5	10.7 ± 3.5	0.048	0.222	10.3 ± 3.4	11.1 ± 3.5	0.069	0.072	10.3 ± 3.4	11.8 ± 3.4	0.059	0.118
Usual gait speed, m/s	Crude	1.01 ± 0.21	1.01 ± 0.24			1.02 ± 0.21	1.00 ± 0.26			1.02 ± 0.22	0.92 ± 0.25
	Adjusted	1.01 ± 0.20	1.03 ± 0.21	0.044	0.279	1.01 ± 0.20	1.02 ± 0.20	0.003	0.931	1.02 ± 0.20	0.94 ± 0.20	−0.091	*0.021
Maximum gait speed, m/s	Crude	1.33 ± 0.27	1.28 ± 0.31			1.33 ± 0.27	1.22 ± 0.33			1.33 ± 0.27	1.17 ± 0.37
	Adjusted	1.32 ± 0.24	1.32 ± 0.24	0.007	0.849	1.33 ± 0.24	1.27 ± 0.24	−0.072	*0.048	1.33 ± 0.23	1.23 ± 0.24	−0.084	*0.018

HV hallux valgus, M male, F female, s second, m/s meters per second

*p < 0.05