Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients (n = 147,003)
| Characteristics | All Patients (n = 147,004) |
Patients who died (n = 7251) | Patients who were alive (n = 139,752) | P-value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 50.2 (17.2) | 63.9 (16.2) | 50.1 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, Male (%) | 62,171 (42.3%) | 4030 (54.8%) | 58,141 (41.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
| Chinese (%) | 115,456 (78.5%) | 6212 (85.7%) | 109,244 (78.2%) | |
| Indian (%) | 11,263 (7.7%) | 439 (6.1%) | 10,824 (7.8%) | |
| Malay (%) | 14,582 (9.9%) | 535 (7.4%) | 14,047 (10.1%) | |
| Others (%) | 5804 (5.9%) | 167 (2.3%) | 5637 (4.0%) | |
| Social Determinants of Health | ||||
| Resided in Public rental housing (%) | 10,400 (7.1%) | 1162 (16.0%) | 9238 (6.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Past 1-year Healthcare Utilization during first year of inclusion | ||||
| Public Primary Care Clinic visits, Mean (SD) | 2.45 (4.16) | 4.08 (7.14) | 2.45 (4.15) | < 0.001 |
| ED visits, Mean (SD) | 0.15 (0.72) | 2.87 (4.81) | 0.14 (0.67) | < 0.001 |
| Specialist Clinic visits, Mean (SD) | 2.50 (5.65) | 12.90 (16.50) | 2.48 (5.59) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital admissions, Mean (SD) | 0.12 (0.54) | 2.79 (3.75) | 0.11 (0.50) | < 0.001 |
| Medical Comorbiditiesa | ||||
| Diabetes without complications (%) | 20,808 (14.1%) | 2605 (35.4%) | 18,203 (13.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 43,057 (29.3%) | 4802 (65.3%) | 38,255 (27.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 42,437 (28.8%) | 4090 (55.6%) | 38,347 (17.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3–4 (%) | 4614 (3.1%) | 1255 (17.1%) | 3359 (2.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma (%) | 4958 (3.4%) | 359 (4.9%) | 4599 (3.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (%) | 3085 (2.1%) | 681 (9.3%) | 2404 (1.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with cor pulmonale (%) | 2574 (1.8%) | 548 (7.5%) | 2026 (1.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 16,787 (11.4%) | 1186 (16.1%) | 15,601 (11.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications (%) | 2169 (1.5%) | 434 (5.9%) | 1735 (1.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident (%) | 5173 (3.5%) | 1355 (18.4%) | 3818 (2.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease stage V or End-stage renal failure (%) | 1807 (1.2%) | 827 (11.2%) | 980 (0.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Depression (%) | 2810 (1.9%) | 303 (4.1%) | 2507 (1.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Schizophrenia (%) | 561 (0.4%) | 108 (1.5%) | 453 (0.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia (%) | 513 (0.4%) | 268 (3.6%) | 245 (0.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Collagen vascular disease (%) | 517 (0.4%) | 102 (1.4%) | 415 (0.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Parkinson disease (%) | 481 (0.3%) | 185 (2.5%) | 296 (0.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Epilepsy (%) | 715 (0.5%) | 138 (1.9%) | 577 (0.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 9509 (6.5%) | 2035 (27.7%) | 7474 (5.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 1286 (0.9%) | 479 (6.5%) | 807 (0.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure (%) | 2196 (1.5%) | 910 (12.4%) | 1286 (0.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 1124 (0.8%) | 355 (4.8%) | 769 (0.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Hip fracture (%) | 279 (0.2%) | 113 (1.5%) | 166 (0.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Spine fracture (%) | 452 (0.3%) | 125 (1.7%) | 327 (0.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease (%) | 1074 (0.7%) | 225 (3.1%) | 849 (0.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Pressure ulcer (%) | 243 (0.2%) | 145 (2.0%) | 98 (0.07%) | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy (%) | 4893 (3.3%) | 1297 (17.6%) | 3596 (2.6%) | < 0.001 |
SD standard deviation, ED emergency department, ICD international classification of diseases
#Continuous variables were analyzed using Student’s -test and categorical variables were analysed using chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when appropriate
aBased on ICD codes in the preceding five years