Table 2.
Multivariable Cox regression analysis
| Variable | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||
| Age | 1.084 (1.082, 1.086) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (Male) | 1.581 (1.508, 1.658) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Others | Reference | |
| Chinese | 1.114 (1.009, 1.230) | 0.033 |
| Indian | 1.481 (1.353, 1.621) | < 0.001 |
| Malay | 1.041 (0.891, 1.217) | 0.613 |
| Social Determinants of Health | ||
| Residing in Public Rental Housing | 1.568 (1.469, 1.673) | < 0.001 |
| Past One Year of Healthcare Utilization | ||
| ED visits | 0.983 (0.964, 1.001) | 0.071 |
| Specialist Clinic visits | 1.015 (1.013, 1.017) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital admissions | 1.085 (1.060, 1.110) | < 0.001 |
| Medical Comorbiditiesa | ||
| Diabetes without complications | 1.249 (1.177, 1.326) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.083 (1.011, 1.160) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.653 (0.612, 0.698) | 0.034 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3–4 | 1.308 (1.181, 1.449) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 0.869 (0.769, 0.983) | 0.025 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 1.391 (1.164, 1.663) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with cor pulmonale | 1.032 (0.850, 1.254) | 0.749 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.675 (0.632, 0.720) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications | 1.238 (1.113, 1.377) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.605 (1.502, 1.716) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease stage V or End-stage renal failure | 1.546 (1.365, 1.752) | < 0.001 |
| Depression | 1.037 (0.914, 1.175) | 0.575 |
| Schizophrenia | 1.835 (1.501, 2.244) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia | 1.365 (1.191, 1.565) | < 0.001 |
| Collagen vascular disease | 1.191 (0.968, 1.464) | 0.098 |
| Parkinson disease | 1.589 (1.365, 1.850) | < 0.001 |
| Epilepsy | 1.792 (1.500, 2.140) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.244 (1.168, 1.326) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.103 (0.993, 1.226) | 0.066 |
| Heart failure | 1.721 (1.580, 1.874) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.299 (1.155, 1.462) | 0.809 |
| Hip fracture | 1.434 (1.185, 1.736) | < 0.001 |
| Spine fracture | 1.031 (0.854, 1.245) | 0.753 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.796 (1.564, 2.063) | < 0.001 |
| Pressure ulcer | 1.390 (1.155, 1.673) | 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 2.967 (2.786, 3.160) | < 0.001 |
HR Hazards ratio, ED emergency department, ICD international classification of diseases
aBased on ICD codes in the preceding five years