Table 2.
Participant characteristics.
| Variable | Total sample (N = 250) | African American (N = 125) | Hispanic (N = 125) | p-valuea b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 201 (80.4) | 102 (81.6) | 99 (79.2) | 0.75025 |
| Age, median (q1, q3) | 67 (64, 71) | 68 (65, 73) | 66 (63, 70) | 0.011 |
| Age, categorized, n (%) | 0.0076 | |||
| 60–64 | 71 (28.4) | 28 (22.4) | 43 (34.4) | |
| 65–74 | 141 (56.4) | 70 (56.0) | 71 (56.8) | |
| 75–88 | 38 (15.2) | 27 (21.6) | 11 (8.8) | |
| Education, number of years, median (q1, q3) | 9 (5, 12) | 12 (11, 14) | 5 (2, 7) | <0.0001 |
| Education, categorized, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Less than high school | 140 (56.0) | 34 (27.2) | 106 (84.8) | |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 36 (14.4) | 29 (23.2) | 7 (5.6) | |
| Vocational school, some college, associate degree | 50 (20.0) | 45 (36.0) | 5 (4.0) | |
| College or graduate degree | 20 (8.0) | 15 (12.0) | 5 (4.0) | |
| Other | 4 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | |
| Relationship status, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Single | 50 (20.0) | 40 (32.0) | 10 (8.0) | |
| Living with spouse/life partner | 77 (30.8) | 18 (14.4) | 59 (47.2) | |
| Divorced/living separately from spouse/life partner | 71 (28.4) | 37 (29.6) | 34 (27.2) | |
| Widowed | 52 (20.8) | 30 (24.0) | 22 (17.6) | |
| Average annual income b, n (%) | 0.0049 | |||
| <10,000 k | 98 (39.2) | 44 (35.2) | 54 (43.2) | |
| 10,000–19,999 k | 99 (39.6) | 58 (46.4) | 41 (32.8) | |
| >20,000 k | 45 (18.0) | 23 (18.4) | 22 (17.6) | |
| Unknown/no answer given | 8 (3.2) | 0 | 8 (6.4) | |
| Insurance c, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Medicare only | 73 (29.9) | 50 (40.0) | 23 (19.3) | |
| Medicaid only | 20 (8.2) | 10 (8.4) | 10 (8.0) | |
| Medicare plus private | 14 (5.7) | 8 (6.4) | 6 (5.0) | |
| Medicare plus Medicaid | 46 (18.9) | 35 (28.0) | 11 (9.2) | |
| No insurance | 63 (25.8) | 14 (11.2) | 49 (41.2) | |
| Other/private | 28 (11.5) | 8 (6.4) | 20 (16.8) | |
| Employment, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Full time care-giver | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (3.2) | |
| Part time care-giver | 19 (7.6) | 9 (7.2) | 10 (8.0) | |
| Retired | 134 (53.6) | 94 (75.2) | 40 (32.0) | |
| Unemployed/disabled | 79 (31.6) | 21 (16.8) | 58 (46.4) | |
| Refused/do not know | 13 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 13(10.4) | |
| Psychosocial factors, median (q1, q3) | ||||
| BAI d | 13 (5, 22) | 6 (3, 11) | 21 (14, 27) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (C-reactive protein) | 3.2 (1.6, 7.2) | 3.9 (2.0, 10.0) | 2.6 (1.3, 6.4) | 0.0138 |
| Traumatic stress checklist e | 3 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 0.0057 |
| PSE f | 2.5 (1, 4) | 2 (2, 3) | 3 (1, 4) | 0.02520 |
| PTSD g | 11 (8, 15) | 10 (7, 12) | 12 (9, 16.5) | <0.0001 |
| SF-12 h | ||||
| SF-12 PCS | 25 (24.8, 25.2) | 25 (24.8, 25.2) | 25 (24.8, 25.2) | 0.439 |
| SF-12 MCS | 18.7 (18.3, 19.1) | 19.1 (18.8, 19.4) | 18.5 (18.1, 18.7) | <0.0001 |
| Patient complexity factors | ||||
| Total number of medications, median (q1, q3) | 5 (3, 7) | 5 (3, 7) | 5 (3, 6) | 0.6306 |
| Number of chronic conditions including depression symptoms i, n (%) | 0.0019 | |||
| 1 (depression only) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) | |
| 1–2 (excluding depression) | 57 (22.8) | 17 (13.6) | 40 (32.0) | |
| 3–4 (excluding depression) | 127 (50.8) | 67 (53.6) | 60 (48.0) | |
| 5+ (excluding depression) | 62 (24.8) | 38 (30.4) | 24 (19.2) | |
Wilcoxon used for comparing non-normal data, Chi-square used for categorical data, t-tests used for normally distributed continuous data, Fisher’s exact test used for categorical data with cell counts <5.
Total family income before taxes.
n = 6 Hispanic participants did not know their insurance status.
Beck Anxiety Inventory, response format: 0–3 (not at all to severely-it bothered me a lot), score range: 0–63. Higher score indicates greater anxiety severity.
Traumatic Stress Checklist, response format: yes, no, don’t know, refuse, higher score indicated experiencing more stressful events over a lifetime.
Past Stressor Events Form, response format: yes, no, refuse, higher score indicates experiencing more stressful events over past year.
PCL-Civilian Short Form, response format: range 1–5 (not at all to extremely), score range: 0–30. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of PTSD.
Short Form Health Survey, includes physical and mental component summary scales. Higher scores indicate worse health status.
Chronic conditions include heart attack or myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, stroke, kidney problems, currently on dialysis, arthritis, lung disease, liver disease, asthma, sleep apnea, neurological disease, obesity (BMI ≥30).