Table 3.
Study outcomes.
| Variable | Total sample (N = 250) | African American (N = 125) | Hispanic (N = 125) | p-value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression symptoms | ||||
| PHQ-9 b, median (q1, q3) | 11 (9, 14) | 11 (9, 13) | 12 (9, 15) | <0.0287 |
| PHQ-9, categorized n (%) | 0.004 | |||
| 8–9 | 86 (34.4) | 47 (37.6) | 39 (31.2) | |
| 10–14 | 102 (40.8) | 58 (46.4) | 44 (35.2) | |
| 15–19 | 47 (18.8) | 18 (14.4) | 29 (23.2) | |
| > = 20 | 15 (6) | 2 (1.6) | 13 (10.4) | |
| Cardiometabolic syndrome, n (%) c | 190 (84.4) | 96 (87.3) | 94 (81.7) | 0.2745 |
| Overweight/obesity d | 192 (77.4) | 99 (79.2) | 93 (75.6) | 0.5451 |
| Glucose intolerance e | 185 (80.8) | 95 (84.8) | 90 (76.9) | 0.1355 |
| Low HDL cholesterol f | 89 (38.4) | 35 (29.7) | 54 (47.4) | 0.0069 |
| Elevated triglycerides g | 155 (70.5) | 70 (66.0) | 85 (74.6) | 0.1849 |
| Elevated blood pressure h | 222 (89.9) | 117 (95.9) | 105 (84.0) | 0.0026 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI), median (q1, q3) | 31.6 (27.8, 36) | 32 (28.1, 36.3) | 31.3 (27.5, 35.2) | 0.2069 |
| BMI ≥30, n (%) | 151 (60.4) | 76 (60.8) | 75 (60.0) | 1.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm), median (q1,q3) | 105 (98, 115) | 106 (99, 115) | 104 (97, 114) | 0.1835 |
| Blood Pressure (BP) | ||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg), median (q1, q3) | 138 (126.5, 153) | 138 (127.5, 155) | 138.5 (126, 150) | 0.7396 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg), median (q1, q3) | 78.5 (69, 85) | 79 (68.5, 86.5) | 77 (69, 84) | 0.3976 |
| Lipids | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), median (q1, q3) | 189 (163, 223) | 198.5 (168, 228) | 181.5 (160, 209.5) | 0.0100 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), median (q1, q3) | 49 (40, 61) | 54 (45, 65) | 45 (38, 56) | 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (q1, q3) | 153 (111, 228) | 133 (96, 201) | 171.5 (128.5, 240.5) | 0.0014 |
| HBA1c, median (q1, q3) | 6.4 (5.7, 7.6) | 6.3 (5.7, 7.5) | 6.6 (5.7, 7.9) | 0.502 |
| Medications (%) | ||||
| Glucose lowering medications | 95 (38) | 37 (29.6) | 58 (46.4) | 0.00899 |
| Lipid lowering medications | 87 (34.8) | 37 (29.6) | 50 (40) | 0.11084 |
| Blood pressure lowering medications | 178 (71.2) | 95 (76) | 83 (66.4) | 0.12414 |
| Anti-depressant medications | 52 (20.8) | 17 (13.6) | 35 (28.0) | 0.0077 |
| Adherence | ||||
| Low adherence i (%) | 176 (70.4) | 98 (78.4) | 78 (62.4) | 0.00824 |
Wilcoxon used for comparing non-normal data, Chi-square used for categorical data, t-tests used for normally distributed continuous data, Fisher’s exact test used for categorical data with cell counts <5.
Patient Health Questionnaire-9, 9 items, range 0–3 (Not at all to nearly every day). Higher scores indicate greater depression severity.
Cardiometabolic syndrome missing data (n = 25)
Waist ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 cm (women), missing data (n = 2)
Hemoglobin A1c ≥5.7 or on Glucose-lowering medications, missing data (n = 21)
<1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) (men); <1.3 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) (women), missing data (n = 18)
≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) or on lipid lowering medicines, missing data (n = 30)
≥130/85 mmHg or on blood pressure lowering medicines, missing data (n = 3)
Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, response format: range yes–no. Low adherence = MMAS score ≥3