Table 3.

Descriptive analyses of neuropsychological variables in the four study groups.

Neuropsychological task	DYS+				DYS−				NR−				NR+				Non-parametric One-way ANOVAa
	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	X2	df	p
Word reading, error	−2.00	2.40	−1.04	.02	−2.50	2.60	−.63	−1.14	.46	.48	−2.38	5.31	.25	.71	−1.36	.11	26.54	3	<.001
Word reading, speed	−3.54	2.65	−.98	.71	−2.69	1.98	−.38	−.64	.66	.51	−.21	−.53	1.00	.63	.16	−.66	33.78	3	<.001
Non-word reading, error	−.79	1.21	−.63	−1.23	−1.52	1.32	−.62	1.31	.88	.36	−.25	−1.36	.94	.40	−.86	.91	29.82	3	<.001
Non-word reading, speed	−4.63	4.46	−1.30	1.37	−2.95	2.53	−1.41	2.20	.69	.73	.70	.54	1.23	1.07	.73	−.55	32.41	3	<.001
Sentences containing homophones	−3.85	4.93	−.46	−1.75	−2.50	3.05	−1.59	1.85	−.18	1.31	−2.29	6.35	.10	.52	.48	−2.28	10.74	3	.013
Letter forward span	−1.42	.78	.99	1.51	−1.47	1.33	−.17	−1.35	.54	.61	−.42	−.59	.54	.76	−.67	.15	27.15	3	<.001
Letter backward span	−1.12	.95	−.03	−1.05	−.73	1.35	1.23	.71	.44	.83	−.26	−.08	1.21	1.31	−1.09	.72	19.27	3	<.001
Number forward span	−1.45	.83	.84	.17	−1.55	.46	.69	−.22	.29	.61	−.47	.34	−.10	.94	.94	2.64	28.78	3	<.001
Number backward span	−.94	.53	−1.97	4.79	−.90	.63	−.41	−.53	.50	1.05	.80	−.52	.60	.97	.44	−.64	26.20	3	<.001
Syllable displacement, accuracy	−1.13	1.57	−.51	−.87	−1.34	1.63	−.22	.45	.34	.73	−1.26	1.05	.59	.34	−.08	2.17	15.06	3	.002
Syllable displacement, speed	−5.04	4.63	−.94	−.63	−5.24	3.13	−1.41	1.59	.24	1.12	−.97	1.24	.48	1.00	−.32	−1.17	30.57	3	<.001
Spoonerism, accuracy	−1.27	1.30	−.23	−.85	−2.66	1.03	.03	−1.24	.55	.47	−.26	−1.35	.11	.82	.04	−1.45	29.28	3	<.001
Spoonerism, speed	−3.02	1.80	−.71	1.03	−4.21	2.33	−.55	2.16	.23	.96	−.70	.14	.08	1.32	−.60	.20	29.78	3	<.001
Phonemic blending, accuracy	−1.23	1.07	.25	−.43	−1.59	1.48	.15	−1.36	−.04	1.00	−1.14	.79	.02	.78	−.50	.90	13.64	3	.003
Phonemic blending, speed	−3.34	4.87	−2.27	5.19	−1.81	3.22	−1.07	.13	.11	1.00	−.96	.22	.28	1.67	−1.39	.91	13.42	3	.004

^aBonferroni-corrected level of significance: p = .003, i.e., .05 divided by 15 comparisons.