Table 3.
Clinical studies and meta-analyses exploring the bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes
| Authors | Study design | Endpoint(s) | Sample | Assessment of depression | Assessment of diabetes | Risk estimate (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palinkas et al. (2004) [12] | Prospective cohort for 8 y | (1) Risk factor for T2DM; (2) risk factor for depression | Community sample: (1) 5,201 nondiabetics at baseline; (2) 4,847 non-depressed participants | BDI | OGTT | (1) OR, 2.50 (1.29–4.87)*; (2) OR, 0.73 (0.41–1.30)* |
| Engum (2007) [13] | Prospective cohort for 10 y | (1) Risk factor for T2DM; (2) risk factor for depression | Community sample: (1) 8,311 participants with symptoms of anxiety or depression; (2) 337 participants with diabetes | HADS-D | Self-report | (1) OR, 1.40 (1.16–1.69)*; (2) OR, 1.24 (0.78–1.98)† |
| Golden et al. (2008) [14] | Prospective cohort for 4 y | (1) Risk factor for T2DM; (2) risk factor for depression | (1) 5,201 Participants without diabetes at baseline; (2) 4,847 participants without depression at baseline | CES-D | ADA criteria 2003 | (1) RH, 1.21 (0.87–1.67)‡; (2) OR, 1.52 (1.09–2.12)§ |
| Mezuk et al. (2008) [15] | Meta-analysis | (1) Risk factor for T2DM; (2) risk factor for depression | (1) 13 Studies; (2) 7 studies | - | - | (1) Pooled RR, 1.6 (1.02–1.3); (2) Pooled RR, 1.15 (1.37–1.88) |
| Zhuang et al. (2017) [16] | Meta-analysis | (1) Risk factor for T2DM; (2) risk factor for depression | (1) 32 Studies; (2) 24 studies | - | - | (1) OR, 1.34 (1.23–1.46); (2) OR, 1.28 (1.15–1.42) |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; OR, odds ratio; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; ADA, American Diabetes Association; RH, relative hazards; RR, relative risk; BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and marital status.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, BMI, smoking, PA, HDL-C, TG, SBP, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, and chronic somatic disease.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, PA, caloric intake, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, SBP, log-transformed fasting insulin, inflammatory markers, and examination site.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, PA, caloric intake, HDL-C, TG, SBP, and examination site.