Table 1.

Baseline characteristics, EASQ, HOME and psychosocial scores, by study arm, n=60

Variable	Control arm (n=19) N (%) or mean (SD)	Intervention arm (n=41) N (%) or mean (SD)	P values
Child’s age in months*	13.4 (5.9); range: 6–22	15.9 (4.2), range: 6–23	0.10
Male sex	7 (37)	22 (54)	0.22
Ever breast fed	16 (84)	35 (85)	0.91
In utero substance-use exposure (maternal self-report)	0	0	NA
Mean number of weeks gestation at birth	39.4 (0.9)	38.8 (1.3)	0.19
More than one primary caregiver	13 (68)	16 (39)	0.03
Parent has HIV	0	0	NA
Mother’s education level higher than primary school	14 (73.6)	30 (73.2)	0.97
Mother’s occupation is non-remunerative (housewife, student or not employed)**	17 (89.5)	34 (82.9)	0.71
Mother is married or living as married**	15 (79)	40 (98)	0.23
Maternal history of depression or attempted suicide**	2 (10.5)	5 (12.2)	1.0
Hopkins Symptom Checklist score	28.4 (6.8)	24.6 (5.9)	0.04
Social Support score	27.1 (5.9)	26.7 (6.5)	0.82

*P value calculated using Wilcoxon rank sum test.

†P value calculated using Fisher’s exact test.

EASQ, Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire; HOME, Home Observation Measurement of the Environment; NA, not available.