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. 2018 May 30;8:8434. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26501-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Role of HMGB1 as a profibrotic molecule. (a) An MTT assay revealed a significant increase in time-dependent proliferation activity in the HMGB1-treated HDFs (50 and 100 ng; **p < 0.01). (b) Type I collagen mRNA expression was equivalently increased in the HDFs treated with HMGB1 (100 ng) or TGF-β1 (10 ng) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). There was also an additive increase of type I collagen mRNA expression after simultaneous treatment with HMGB1 and TGF-β1 (^§p < 0.05). (c) Levels of collagen types I and III were detected by western blotting in HDF lysates treated with HMGB1 (100 ng) for 24 and 48 h. (D) The protein expression levels of collagen types I and III increased significantly after 24 h (**p < 0.01). (e) The protein expression level of α-SMA was assessed by western blotting in HDF cells treated with HMGB1 (50 and 100 ng). (f) Stimulation of HDFs with HMGB1 resulted in increased protein expression of α-SMA (**p < 0.01).