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. 2018 May 30;8:8390. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26570-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) V. cholerae S2CHK17 and ΔacfC motility; (b) TEM pictures; (c) Flagella measurements: The flagella length of one hundred bacteria were measured in each strain and TEM images were analysed using the line measuring tool of Image J 1.50i software (National Institutes of Health, USA); (d) G. mellonella infection results Representative data of survival rate of 3 biological replicates of 10 individual G. mellonella injected with 2.6 ± 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU of each strain in 10 µl of sterilised PBS and incubated at 37 °C. Survival was assayed by response to touch or discoloration. Killing by WT and ΔacfC was observed after 24 h. No killing was observed in the PBS injection control for the length of the experiment. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3). Statistical analyses using the Tukey’s multiple comparisons test showed no significant differences in V. cholerae survival.