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. 2018 May 24;9:667. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00667

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Copyright © 2018 Borysiuk, Ostaszewska-Bugajska, Vaultier, Hasenfratz-Sauder and Szal.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Influence of ammonium (NH₄⁺) nutrition on methylglyoxal (MG)-derived advanced glycation end products formation and proteolysis. (A) Total protein stained gel and MG-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1) levels in proteins; (B) concentration of N-epsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) in proteins; and (C) activity of proteolytic enzymes in leaf tissue of nitrate (NO₃^–)-grown and NH₄⁺-grown plants. Total leaf extract proteins (25 μg for blotting or 60 μg for protein staining) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For MG-H1 detection, proteins were electroblotted on a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and probed with a monoclonal antibody. Representative results are shown. The difference in the levels of MG-H1 between NH₄⁺-grown and NO₃^–-grown plants is indicated by arrows; increased levels are marked with green arrows, whereas decreased levels are marked with dashed red arrows. Values are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 3 biological and 1–3 technical replicates. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between NO₃^–-grown and NH₄⁺-grown plants are indicated by an asterisk (^∗).