Figure 5.

Effect of the BM (A) and DMEM (B) fermented broth on cell cycle distribution. Analysis of the cell-cycle phase's distribution: G0/G1; S; G2/M and SUB-G1 in CRC cells treated with fermented broth from adapted and non-adapted P. freudenreichii and the respective controls. Fermented broths were deproteinized to eliminate any possible cytotoxic effect from contaminating proteins. BM diluted in fresh DMEM medium and CRC cells conditioned medium diluted in fresh DMEM medium were used as a negative control of BM and DMEM fermented broths, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) was used as a positive control. Pure SCFA at concentrations present on the fermented broth of non-adapted bacteria (0.9 g L⁻¹ acetate; 2.4 g L⁻¹ propionate) or adapted bacteria (0.6 g L⁻¹ acetate; 1.5 g L⁻¹ propionate) were used as a SCFA control. Values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean of at least three independent experiments. ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001, comparing with negative control.