Table 3.

Relation between poor mental well-being and types of self-employment, entrepreneurial characteristics, and country-level characteristics (EWCS 2015, EU 28).

	M0 (Intercept only)			M1 (Bivariate models)				M2 (Controls)			M3 (M2 + Type)			M4 (M3 + Individual Level)			M5 (M4 + Country Level)
	(B)	CI	p (sig.)	Inter-cept	(B)	CI	p (sig.)	(B)	CI	p (sig.)	(B)	CI	p (sig.)	(B)	CI	p (sig.)	(B)	CI	p (sig.)
Fixed parts
(Intercept)	1.50	1.43 - 1.58	.000					1.31	1.18 - 1.44	.000	1.25	1.09 - 1.42	.000	1.04	0.86 - 1.22	.000	1.04	0.87 - 1.22	.000
Controls
Sex (Reference = Female)				1.56	-0.09	-0.14 - -0.03	.002	-0.09	-0.14 - -0.04	.001	-0.08	-0.13 - -0.03	.004	-0.07	-0.12 - -0.03	.002	-0.07	-0.12 - -0.02	.003
Age				1.26	0.01	0.00 - 0.01	.000	0.01	0.00 - 0.01	.000	0.00	0.00 - 0.01	.000	0.00	0.00 - 0.01	.000	0.00	0.00 - 0.01	.000
Type of self-employment
Reference = Manager: Medium-big employer				1.40
Other					0.26	0.09 - 0.42	.002				0.21	0.05 - 0.38	.011	-0.02	-0.16 - 0.12	.806	-0.02	-0.16 - 0.12	.801
Liberal profession					0.04	-0.11 - 0.19	.595				0.01	-0.14 - 0.16	.854	-0.04	-0.17 - 0.08	.495	-0.05	-0.18 - 0.08	.476
Farmer: no employer					0.23	0.09 - 0.37	.002				0.18	0.04 - 0.32	.013	-0.08	-0.21 - 0.04	.174	-0.09	-0.21 - 0.03	.159
Dependent own account worker & freelancer					0.17	0.05 - 0.30	.007				0.15	0.02 - 0.28	.022	-0.10	-0.21 - 0.01	.064	-0.11	-0.22 - 0.00	.059
Independent own account worker & freelancer					0.09	-0.03 - 0.21	.147				0.07	-0.05 - 0.19	.233	-0.04	-0.14 - 0.06	.465	-0.04	-0.14 - 0.06	.447
Manager: small employer					0.03	-0.10 - 0.15	.654				0.02	-0.10 - 0.15	.727	-0.05	-0.15 - 0.06	.401	-0.05	-0.15 - 0.06	.386
Individual level
Solving unforeseen problems a				1.69	-0.21	-0.29 - -0.12	.000							0.03	-0.05 - 0.10	.511	0.02	-0.05 - 0.10	.528
Learning new things b				1.64	-0.19	-0.25 - -0.13	.000							0.04	-0.01 - 0.10	.134	0.04	-0.01 - 0.10	.109
Poor motivation c				0.84	0.61	0.58 - 0.64	.000							0.56	0.53 - 0.59	.000	0.56	0.53 - 0.59	.000
Underskilled d (Reference = overskilled/skilled)				1.51	-0.05	-0.14 - 0.03	.222							-0.02	-0.10 - 0.05	.589	-0.02	-0.09 - 0.06	.604
Overskilled e (Reference = underskilled/skilled)				1.54	-0.11	-0.16 - -0.05	.000							-0.03	-0.08 - 0.02	.182	-0.03	-0.08 - 0.02	.177
Inability to recognize opportunity f				1.34	0.21	0.18 - 0.23	.000							0.07	0.05 - 0.09	.000	0.07	0.05 - 0.09	.000
Not finding it hard to be self-employed g				2.10	-0.17	-0.19 - -0.15	.000							-0.09	-0.11 - -0.08	.000	-0.09	-0.11 - -0.07	.000
Country level
GDP Per Capita (Z-score)				1.50	-0.06	-0.10 - -0.02	.007										0.02	-0.02 - 0.06	.265
Positive Entrepreneurship Perception (Z-score)				1.52	-0.09	-0.13 - -0.04	.000										-0.05	-0.10 - 0.00	.039
Enterprise Birth Rate (Z-score)				1.50	0.04	-0.01 – 0.10	.103										0.01	-0.03 - 0.05	.586
Random parts
Variance individual level	0.96 (.000)							0.95 (.000)			0.95 (.000)			0.69 (.000)			0.69 (.000)
Variance country level	0.03 (.002)							0.03 (.002)			0.03 (.002)			0.02 (.004)			0.01 (.005)
ICC	0.034							0.034			0.031			0.023			0.019
-2LL	15,282.47							15,249.06			15,228.69			13,471.25			13,466.06

Bold values are statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05); Values in brackets are p values; (B) values are estimates; a – Q53c “… main paid job involve solving unforeseen problems on your own?”; b – Q53f “…main paid job involve learning new things?”; c – Motivation indicator {5 - poor motivation, 0 – high motivation}; d - Q64 “Describe your skills in your own work – I need further training to cope well with my duties”; e – Q64 “I have the skills to cope with more demanding duties”; f – Recognizing opportunities indicator {5 – inability to recognize opportunities, 0 – ability to recognize opportunities}; g – Q91d “I find it hard bearing the responsibility of running my business”{1 – agree, 5 – disagree}