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. 2018 Mar 10;4:280–290. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.03.002

Table 4.

The impact of family poverty and maternal psychological distress on childhood behavioural outcomes at age 11 years: logit models - partial effects (SE).

Parent TDSa,b Teacher TDSa,b Internalising c
 Externalising c
Emotional problemsa,b Peer problemsa,b Conduct problems a,b Hyperactivity/Inattention problems a,b
Poverty pattern
Never# – – – – – –
Once only 0.023** (0.011) 0.010 (0.011) 0.041*** (0.014) 0.001 (0.011) -0.001 (0.013) 0.004 (0.011)
2–3 waves 0.018 (0.011) 0.033** (0.014) 0.023* (0.014) 0.033** (0.015) -0.004 (0.012) 0.008 (0.012)
4–5 waves 0.038** (0.015) 0.061*** (0.020) 0.061*** (0.019) 0.046** (0.019) 0.022 (0.016) 0.034* (0.017)


 

 

 

 

 


Maternal psychological distress patternd
Never # – – – – – –
Early years only 0.002 (0.013) 0.003 (0.016) 0.031** (0.015) 0.020 (0.016) 0.000 (0.013) 0.004 (0.014)
Middle years only 0.039*** (0.014) 0.037*(0.017) 0.026** (0.014) 0.064***(0.016) 0.024 (0.015) 0.027** (0.012)
Current (age 11) only 0.035*** (0.013) 0.035 (0.022) 0.076** (0.017) 0.048***(0.017) 0.052*** (0.016) 0.058*** (0.014)
Other pattern 0.080*** (0.012) 0.026*(0.011) 0.114*** (0.014) 0.089***(0.014) 0.062*** (0.011) 0.086*** (0.013)
Recurrent 0.073*** (0.009) 0.018*(0.010) 0.089*** (0.010) 0.078***(0.011) 0.060*** (0.009) 0.078*** (0.010)
Persistent 0.119*** (0.018) 0.029 (0.018) 0.149*** (0.023) 0.109***(0.021) 0.125*** (0.021) 0.117*** (0.020)
Sample size 8499 4784 8499 8499 8499 8499

Notes: # Reference case;

“Wave” denotes data collection points, i.e. waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 collected at ages 9 months, 3, 5, 7, and 11 years respectively

Maternal psychological distress measured using Kessler-6 scale at wave 2–5 and Rutter Malaise Inventory at wave 1

a

Partial effects with standard errors in parentheses

b

Each regression included standard socioeconomic controls, child health endowment variables, family and external factor variables (see Methods section on data and variable definitions for details)

c

Individual subscales of SDQ from mother-completed survey

*

Significant at the 10-percent level;

**

Significant at the 5-percent level;

***

Significant at the 1-percent level.