Table 2.
Characteristics and metabolic outcomes evaluated by ANOVA analysis.
| Variables | Healthy (n = 41) | Obesity (n = 57) | Sarcopenic (n = 16) | Osteopenic/osteoporosis (n = 452) | Sarcopenic obesity (n = 27) | Osteopenic/osteoporosis obesity (n = 63) | Osteopenic/osteoporosis sarcopenic (n = 90) | Osteosarcopenic subcutaneous obesity (n = 17) | Osteosarcopenic visceral obesity (n = 38) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General data | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 78.00 (9.25) | 77.11 (7.88) | 75.94 (7.41) | 81.38 (7.19) | 77.04 (9.59) | 81.00 (2.65) | 82.29 (7.00) | 81.32 (4.32) | 82.43 (3.44) | p <0 .001 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||||||||
| WBC K/µL (4.00–10.00) | 6.60 (1.85) | 7.25 (2.29) | 8.12 (2.74) | 6.86 (3.42) | 8.12 (2.34) | 8.05 (2.31) | 7.23 (2.56) | 8.03 (2.18) | 8.24 (1.34) | 0.059 |
| RBC M/µL (4.00–5.00) | 4.32 (0.49) | 4.30 (0.62) | 3.97 (0.89) | 4.21 (0.71) | 4.33 (0.61) | 4.05 (0.30) | 4.12 (0.65) | 4.16 (0.45) | 4.15 (0.49) | 0.545 |
| Hb g/dl (12.0–16.0) | 12.81 (1.77) | 12.92 (1.60) | 11.60 (2.04) | 12.41 (1.69) | 12.52 (1.44) | 12.43 (1.53) | 11.80 (1.87) | 12.52 (1.31) | 12.56 (1.41) | p <0 .001 |
| Hct % (36.0–46.0) | 38.74 (4.98) | 38.91 (4.71) | 35.38 (6.84) | 37.91 (4.80) | 39.46 (4.14) | 38.10 (3.08) | 36.23 (5.34) | 38.08 (1.31) | 37.95 (4.23) | p <0 .001 |
| MCV fL (81.0–93.0) | 88.93 (7.65) | 88.56 (6.85) | 91.83 (1.62) | 91.47 (7.82) | 87.95 (5.34) | 91.90 (1.84) | 81.17 (14.34) | 90.06 (3.64) | 84.867 ± 6.0335 | 0.103 |
| PLT K/µL (140–450) | 253.28 (99.03) | 245.19 (87.80) | 303.70 (88.56) | 241.51 (99.03) | 257.45 (79.50) | 216.67 (61.01) | 242.01 (82.83) | 292.84 (101.03) | 234.703 ± 71.5732 | 0.418 |
| Lymph n K/µL (0.80–3.60) | 1.73 (0.59) | 1.98 (0.53) | 1.46 (0.52) | 1.78 (0.73) | 2.12 (0.43) | 1.75 (0.31) | 1.71 (0.57) | 2.10 (0.55) | 1.72 (0.58) | 0.289 |
| Iron mcg/dl (45–145) | 65.19 (32.29) | 73.67 (26.63) | 47.36 (25.06) | 68.46 (34.28) | 57.96 (26.90) | 69.33 (34.27) | 57.78 (32.01) | 68.62 (37.12) | 61.324 (25.41) | p <0 .001 |
| Trg mmol/L (<200) | 110.78 (43.59) | 141.29 (68.36) | 122.00 (38.55) | 121.28 (60.56) | 136.33 (42.81) | 100.00 (19.98) | 102.95 (38.29) | 136.58 (46.91) | 122.58 (47.19) | p <0 .05 |
| Total Chol mmol/L (<200) | 184.58 (41.04) | 195.68 (44.50) | 154.80 (32.59) | 189.46 (43.10) | 187.04 (45.07) | 120.00 (33.18) | 174.39 (45.46) | 190.00 (37.59) | 166.38 (48.56) | p <0 .001 |
| Alb g/dl (4.02–4.76) | 3.77 (0.54) | 3.79 (0.46) | 3.44 (0.60) | 3.81 (2.99) | 3.67 (0.53) | 3.53 (0.42) | 3.36 (0.57) | 3.40 (0.35) | 3.40 (0.53) | 0.787 |
| Creat mg/dl (0.57–1.11) | 0.86 (0.28) | 0.91 (0.28) | 0.98 (0.50) | 1.04 (2.61) | 1.15 (0.67) | 1.47 (0.55) | 0.95 (0.62) | 0.80 (0.18) | 1.07 (0.70) | 0.998 |
| Azotemia mg/dl (14–40) | 39.16 (13.10) | 41.41 (16.90) | 39.57 (16.39) | 45.31 (22.94) | 47.54 (24.17) | 73.67 (31.90) | 47.58 (34.35) | 37.23 (12.66) | 49.76 (24.84) | 0.193 |
| Na mmol/l (136–145) | 139.11 (3.39) | 139.06 (3.40) | 138.27 (2.71) | 139.28 (5.49) | 139.82 (2.11) | 141.67 (1.53) | 138.72 (3.36) | 138.87 (2.77) | 138.85 (3.04) | 0.867 |
| K mmol/l (3.6–5.5) | 4.14 (0.42) | 4.19 (0.42) | 4.19 (0.62) | 4.19 (0.50) | 4.30 (0.55) | 4.33 (0.57) | 4.20 (0.47) | 4.50 (0.70) | 4.00 (0.01) | 0.948 |
| Cl mmol/l (98–112) | 102.84 (4.55) | 103.63 (4.37) | 101.93 (5.86) | 104.19 (3.65) | 104.32 (3.79) | 105.33 (5.77) | 103.68 (4.28) | 104.43 (2.87) | 103.38 (4.11) | 0.164 |
| Ca mmol/l (8.4–10.2) | 9.01 (0.57) | 9.18 (0.60) | 9.12 (0.63) | 10.97 (0.91) | 9.43 (0.33) | 8.97 (0.51) | 8.92 (0.65) | 8.97 (0.36) | 9.05 (0.80) | p <0 .001 |
| Uric acid mg/dl (2.6–6.0) | 5.00 (1.69) | 5.45 (1.60) | 6.22 (2.69) | 5.17 (2.17) | 6.00 (1.70) | 5.40 (0.35) | 4.89 (2.04) | 5.73 (1.77) | 5.57 (1.97) | 0.119 |
| Bilirub mg/dl (0.30–1.20) | 0.68 (0.33) | 0.70 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.51) | 0.71 (0.58) | 0.65 (0.37) | 0.82 (0.07) | 0.71 (1.53) | 0.58 (0.38) | 0.68 (0.34) | 0.855 |
| AST I.U./l (7–35) | 17.33 (5.38) | 21.60 (12.13) | 23.13 (29.62) | 19.79 (13.74) | 19.00 (10.42) | 14.67 (2.31) | 21.79 (19.44) | 20.29 (15.11) | 21.94 (14.30) | 0.702 |
| ALT I.U./l (7–55) | 14.65 (7.06) | 21.32 (17.10) | 18.20 (16.02) | 17.51 (15.40) | 19.22 (14.02) | 10.33 (6.66) | 18.51 (24.66) | 17.00 (9.96) | 23.73 (18.19) | 0.577 |
| gGT U/l (5–35) | 25.26 (27.61) | 27.83 (23.11) | 29.50 (17.97) | 31.37 (38.72) | 27.88 (22.64) | 29.67 (15.89) | 41.80 (55.37) | 48.47 (44.48) | 44.00 ± 39.2776 | 0.144 |
| GLIC mg/dl (70–110) | 121.58 (68.94) | 114.57 (33.91) | 110.67 (34.92) | 105.59 (35.11) | 106.04 (28.64) | 103.00 (33.45) | 100.70 (48.08) | 117.35 (35.55) | 112.57 (37.06) | 0.067 |
| ESR mm/h (<15) | 40.38 (28.12) | 45.31 (26.38) | 54.27 (38.95) | 39.78 (29.16) | 61.09 (30.48) | 52.00 (28.69) | 56.97 (33.44) | 59.52 (28.83) | 52.31 (28.55) | p <0 .001 |
| CRP mg/dl (<0.50) | 1.62 (2.66) | 1.18 (2.73) | 1.98 (3.02) | 1.10 (2.24) | 1.50 (2.24) | 0.83 (0.97) | 1.62 (2.57) | 2.22 (4.22) | 2.34 (3.59) | 0.22 |
| Folic acid ng/mL (4.6–18.7) | 9.97 (15.35) | 20.38 (76.10) | 8.61 (11.96) | 10.86 (23.44) | 8.94 (8.81) | 13.37 (7.58) | 11.59 (18.87) | 11.71 (11.84) | 12.33 (18.44) | 0.749 |
| Vit B12 pg/mL (197–771) | 457.42 (614.25) | 429.17 (214.13) | 630.00 (446.52) | 512.04 (900.44) | 830.50 (1455.45) | 413.00 (202.30) | 632.60 (1289.47) | 544.92 (555.12) | 625.57 (595.10) | 0.803 |
| Homoc micromol/l (5-12) | 18.99 (7.99) | 19.22 (7.16) | 19.56 (5.95) | 20.53 (11.12) | 20.38 (12.12) | 17.43 (2.47) | 19.05 (8.56) | 18.93 (8.98) | 18.67 (5.22) | 0.961 |
| Nutritional assessment | ||||||||||
| BMI kg/m2 (18.5–24.9) | 24.90 (2.81) | 30.44 (4.28) | 21.25 (2.89) | 25.25 (4.76) | 23.96 (2.89) | 27.68 (3.99) | 19.59 (2.60) | 24.786 (2.44) | 25.343 (3.24) | p <0 .001 |
| Strength | ||||||||||
| Handgrip dx kg (>20–>30) | 22.14 (7.14) | 17.71 (5.42) | 17.64 (8.00) | 16.51 (6.71) | 17.47 (6.40) | 22.67 (7.51) | 16.02 (6.79) | 14.00 (5.42) | 18.06 (8.95) | p <0 .05 |
| Risk of fractures | ||||||||||
| Frax anca % | 10.48 (0.97) | 10.83 (1.10) | 10.09 (0.72) | 7.75 (1.37) | 10.48 (1.26) | 10.77 (2.67) | 10.57 (3.48) | 10.071 (2.66) | 15.63 (4.40) | p <0 .001 |
| Hdration | ||||||||||
| TBW % (56–60) | 54.76 (6.59) | 48.43 (5.87) | 60.08 (5.59) | 52.26 (6.90) | 52.66 (5.33) | 50.71 (1.46) | 58.44 (6.52) | 48.73 (3.14) | 51.42 (5.50) | p <0 .001 |
| ECW % (42–50) | 49.93 (5.78) | 51.73 (4.39) | 52.99 (5.50) | 53.15 (6.97) | 52.66 (3.57) | 55.97 (4.49) | 55.53 (7.91) | 55.00 (3.51) | 51.25 (1.51) | p <0 .05 |
| ICW % (50–58) | 50.05 (5.75) | 48.29 (4.42) | 46.57 (5.15) | 46.77 (6.53) | 47.52 (3.41) | 44.03 (4.49) | 44.54 (7.76) | 45.00 (3.23) | 48.75 (6.95) | p <0 .05 |