Table 2.

Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation scores of hemoglobin A1c level and quality of life scales regarding the age groups before and after the intervention.

Variables	Before the intervention			5 months after the intervention			P2	P 3
	≤40 years	>40 years	P 1	≤40 years	>40 years	P 1
HbA1c (mean ± SD)	9.44 ± 1.38	10.03 ± 1.28	0.030 ∗	7.59 ± 0.95	7.79 ± 1.09	0.327	<0.001 ∗	<0.001 ∗
HRQoL scales (mean ± SD)
Physical functioning	58.17 ± 19.36	38.45 ± 15.45	<0.001 ∗	59.27 ± 19.70	38.71 ± 16.05	<0.001 ∗	0.118	0.626
Role limitations due to physical health	51.10 ± 24.48	44.83 ± 21.66	0.182	52.56 ± 24.42	45.69 ± 21.93	0.146	0.103	0.105
Role limitations due to emotional problems	62.58 ± 24.99	56.82 ± 24.29	0.254	64.75 ± 21.39	61.36 ± 23.29	0.485	0.087	0.010 ∗
Energy/fatigue	49.76 ± 13.32	40.17 ± 14.69	0.001 ∗	51.46 ± 13.52	43.79 ± 13.22	0.006 ∗	0.033 ∗	0.004 ∗
Emotional well-being	47.71 ± 13.28	42.48 ± 13.02	0.054	52.98 ± 15.30	46.28 ± 14.97	0.032 ∗	0.002 ∗	0.004 ∗
Social functioning	63.72 ± 16.49	53.23 ± 17.92	0.004 ∗	63.71 ± 15.00	54.08 ± 18.80	0.008 ∗	0.989	0.302
Pain	61.56 ± 22.77	40.93 ± 21.65	<0.001 ∗	62.33 ± 23.44	41.14 ± 22.06	<0.001 ∗	0.569	0.726
General health	57.17 ± 20.05	45.33 ± 25.70	0.015 ∗	63.51 ± 19.14	49.84 ± 26.33	0.006 ∗	0.003 ∗	0.010 ∗

Independent t- and paired t-tests were used for comparing means, P¹ value between groups, P² value within the group (≤40 years) before and after intervention, and P³ value within the group (>40 years) before and after intervention. ^∗P < 0.05 is significant (two-tailed).