Table 1.
Examples of compounds that restore autophagy and target p53-autophagy link.
| Substance | Mechanism | Cancer Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-asarone | p53/Bcl-2/Bclin-1 and p53/AMPK/mTOR pathways | Glioma cell line (U251) | [161] |
| Walsuronoid B | ROS-formation and activation of p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | Liver cancer (HepG2 and Bel-7402) | [166] |
| Sulforaphane | Reduction of phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR | Malignant mesothelioma (H-28) | [167] |
| Physapubescin B | (ROS)-mediated suppression of mTORC1 | Colon cancer (HCT116) and cervical cancer (HeLa) | [168] |
| Fluvastatin | p53/AMPK/mTOR pathway | Lung adenocarcinoma (A549 and SPC-A-1) | [169] |
| Trichostatin A and Valproic Acid | ROS formation | Pancreatic cancer (Panc1 and PaCa44) | [170] |
| Cobalt chloride | p53/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathway | Malignant glioma (U87-MG) | [162] |
| Oridonin | AMPK deactivation-mediated GLUT1 downregulation in p53-mutated cells | p53-mutated colorectal cancer cells (HCT-15, COLO205, HCT116, RKO, SW480, and SW620) | [171] |
| Astemizole-Histamine | ROS formation and p53 phosphorylation, which increased p53-p62 interactions to enhance Beclin-1-independent autophagy | breast cancer (MCF-7) | [172] |
| Polygonatum odoratum lectin | Up-regulation of miR-15a-3p, which mediated ROS-p53 pathway | human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) | [173] |
| Trichosanthin | ROS-formation and activation of p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, | gastric cancer (MKN-45) | [174] |
| Honokiol | ROS-formation and activation of p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | Glioma (U87 MG) | [175] |