Table 2.

A summary of popular conjugation methods.

Type of Antigen Binding Molecules	Types of Immobilization	Functional Group	Orientation	References
Antibody	Adsorption	Various	Random	[39,40,41,42]
	Affinity	Antigen-antibody reaction	Partially oriented	[42,43,44]
		Protein A or G (non-covalent) binding	Partially oriented	[41,45]
	Radom crosslinking	Amine/carboxylic acid	Random	[43,44,46,47]
		Thiol group	Random	[44,46,48]
		Sugar chain on CH2	Partially Oriented	[49,50]
	DNA-directed	Nucleotide Binding Site ssDNA hybridization	Uniformly oriented	[51,52]
	C terminus	Enzyme mediated biotinylation	Uniformly oriented	[49]
VHH	C terminus	non-natural amino-acid	Uniformly oriented	[53,54]
	C terminus	Enzyme mediated transpeptidation	Uniformly oriented	[55,56]
scFv	Tag mediated	Cysteine or Histidine containing linker	Partially Oriented	[57,58,59]
	E. coli surface displayed	Genetic fusion	Uniformly oriented	[60]
DARPins	Radom crosslinking	Amine group	Random	[61,62]
Aptamer	Terminal modification	Thiol	Uniformly oriented	[63,64,65]