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. 2018 May 31;16:55. doi: 10.1186/s12915-018-0533-4

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© Orville et al. 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — A comparison of the time scales at which different X-ray sources can be applied, and the phenomena they might be used to observe. Biochemical processes span orders of magnitude in time, with faster process linked to electron transfer and photoisomerization, and slower events linked to conformational changes. Substrate diffusion into micron-sized crystals is faster than the average enzyme turnover time. The X-ray dose and time required to elicit a spectroscopic change and an X-ray diffraction pattern to high resolution at a modern synchrotron are illustrated with Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome (Dr-BphP) and myoglobin (Mb)