Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 1024 patients by servings of refined and whole grains
| Refined grain intake, servings/d |
Whole grain intake, servings/d |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1–2 | ≥3 | <1 | 1–2 | ≥3 | |||
| (n = 160) | (n = 565) | (n = 299) | P | (n = 294) | (n = 481) | (n = 249) | P | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 61 (54–69) | 59 (51–68) | 62 (51–70) | .11 | 59 (50–68) | 60 (52–68) | 61 (52–70) | .20 |
| Sex, No. (%) | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Male | 79 (49.4) | 284 (50.3) | 213 (71.2) | 177 (60.2) | 241 (50.1) | 158 (63.5) | ||
| Female | 81 (50.6) | 281 (49.7) | 86 (28.8) | 117 (39.8) | 240 (49.9) | 91 (36.5) | ||
| Race, No. (%) | .18 | .04 | ||||||
| White | 136 (85.0) | 503 (89.0) | 270 (90.3) | 247 (84.0) | 436 (90.7) | 226 (90.8) | ||
| Black | 16 (10.0) | 39 (6.9) | 13 (4.4) | 27 (9.2) | 29 (6.0) | 12 (4.8) | ||
| Other | 8 (5.0) | 23 (4.1) | 16 (5.3) | 20 (6.8) | 16 (3.3) | 11 (4.4) | ||
| Baseline performance status, No. (%)* | .72 | .002 | ||||||
| 0 | 121 (75.6) | 419 (74.2) | 210 (70.2) | 199 (67.7) | 367 (76.3) | 184 (73.9) | ||
| 1 − 2 | 36 (22.5) | 135 (23.9) | 82 (27.4) | 90 (30.6) | 109 (22.7) | 54 (21.7) | ||
| Missing/unknown | 3 (1.9) | 11 (1.9) | 7 (2.4) | 5 (1.7) | 5 (1.0) | 11 (4.4) | ||
| Invasion through bowel wall by T stage, No. (%) | .18 | .21 | ||||||
| T1 − 2 | 19 (11.9) | 88 (15.6) | 30 (10.0) | 33 (11.2) | 69 (14.3) | 35 (14.1) | ||
| T3 − 4 | 138 (86.2) | 465 (82.3) | 260 (87.0) | 256 (87.1) | 403 (83.8) | 204 (81.9) | ||
| Missing/unknown | 3 (1.9) | 12 (2.1) | 9 (3.0) | 5 (1.7) | 9 (1.9) | 10 (4.0) | ||
| Positive lymph nodes, No. (%) | .22 | .04 | ||||||
| 1 − 3 | 110 (68.7) | 361 (63.9) | 174 (58.2) | 180 (61.2) | 314 (65.3) | 151 (60.7) | ||
| ≥4 | 47 (29.4) | 195 (34.5) | 118 (39.5) | 110 (37.4) | 162 (33.7) | 88 (35.3) | ||
| Missing/unknown | 3 (1.9) | 9 (1.6) | 7 (2.3) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (1.0) | 10 (4.0) | ||
| Location of primary tumor, No. (%) | .78 | .12 | ||||||
| Right | 4 (2.5) | 23 (4.1) | 9 (3.0) | 12 (4.1) | 13 (2.7) | 11 (4.4) | ||
| Left | 59 (36.9) | 222 (39.3) | 105 (35.1) | 123 (41.8) | 182 (37.8) | 81 (32.5) | ||
| Transverse | 61 (38.1) | 207 (36.6) | 115 (38.5) | 99 (33.7) | 186 (38.7) | 98 (39.4) | ||
| Multiple | 33 (20.6) | 104 (18.4) | 61 (20.4) | 56 (19.0) | 93 (19.3) | 49 (19.7) | ||
| Missing | 3 (1.9) | 9 (1.6) | 9 (3.0) | 4 (1.4) | 7 (1.5) | 10 (4.0) | ||
| Treatment arm, No. (%) | .24 | .24 | ||||||
| FU/LV | 88 (55.0) | 272 (48.1) | 156 (52.2) | 157 (53.4) | 229 (47.6) | 130 (52.2) | ||
| IFL | 72 (45.0) | 293 (51.9) | 143 (47.8) | 137 (46.6) | 252 (52.4) | 119 (47.8) | ||
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 27.5 (23.8–32.2) | 27.2 (23.8–30.9) | 27.5 (24.2–31.3) | .54 | 27.6 (23.5–32.3) | 27.4 (24.4–31.1) | 26.6 (23.6–30.7) | .29 |
| Physical activity, median (IQR), MET-h/w | 5.0 (1.7–14.8) | 4.6 (0.9–15.4) | 5.1 (1.1–17.8) | .47 | 3.7 (0.6–9.6) | 5.1 (1.3–15.1) | 7.1 (1.6–22.5) | <.001 |
| Current use of aspirin, No. (%) | 38 (23.8) | 156 (27.6) | 87 (29.1) | .47 | 82 (27.9) | 131 (27.2) | 68 (27.3) | .98 |
| Dietary intake, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | 0.1 (0.0–1.8) | 0.4 (0.0–2.0) | 0.2 (0.0–3.5) | .70 | 0.2 (0.0–3.5) | 0.2 (0.0–2.0) | 0.4 (0.00–2.0) | .77 |
| Coffee intake, cups/wk | 3.0 (0.0–17.5) | 7.0 (0.5–17.5) | 7.0 (0.5–17.5) | .001 | 7.0 (0.4–17.5) | 6.5 (0.5–17.5) | 7.0 (0.2–17.0) | .85 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages, s/wk | 1.0 (0.4–3.8) | 2.4 (0.5–6.0) | 3.0 (0.7–7.0) | <.001 | 3.1 (0.6–7.0) | 1.7 (0.5–5.7) | 1.6 (0.5–5.5) | .02 |
| Cereal fiber, g/d | 5.6 (3.6–8.1) | 5.7 (4.3–7.3) | 5.4 (4.3–7.0) | .48 | 4.1 (3.1–4.9) | 5.8 (4.7–7.2) | 7.8 (6.2–9.9) | <.001 |
| Western diet pattern, No. < median (%) | 124 (77.5) | 329 (58.2) | 59 (19.7) | <.001 | 147 (50.0) | 252 (52.4) | 113 (45.4) | .20 |
| Prudent diet pattern, No. < median (%) | 97 (60.6) | 266 (47.1) | 149 (49.8) | .01 | 197 (67.0) | 228 (47.4) | 87 (34.9) | <.001 |
| AHEI dietary pattern, No. < median (%) | 63 (39.4) | 254 (45.0) | 195 (65.2) | <.001 | 189 (64.3) | 221 (45.9) | 102 (41.0) | <.001 |
| Glycemic load, No. < median (%) | 96 (60.0) | 278 (49.2) | 138 (46.2) | .02 | 168 (57.1) | 246 (51.1) | 98 (39.4) | <.001 |
*
Baseline performance status: 0 indicates fully active; 1 indicates restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to perform light work; 2 indicates ambulatory and capable of all self-care but unable to perform any work activities, up to approximately 50% of waking hours. AHEI = Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010; BMI = body mass index; FU/LV = fluorouracil and leucovorin; IFL = irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin; IQR = interquartile range; MET-h/w = metabolic equivalent task hours per week; s = servings.