Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 May 24;9:1136. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01136

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2018 Staal, Driege, Haegman, Borghi, Hulpiau, Lievens, Gul, Sundararaman, Gonçalves, Dhondt, Pinzón, Braeckman, Technau, Saeys, van Roy and Beyaert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Coevolution and proposed signaling model. (A) Patterns of coevolution of Syk and several CBM complex components in various organisms within the planulozoan clade. Type 1 paracaspases prior to Deuterostomes were annotated as PCASP(n) since currently available invertebrate genome sequences cannot determine whether a distant paracaspase is an ancient PCASP3 paralog or ortholog. One model proposes two ancient type 1 paracaspases, one Bcl10-dependent and one Bcl10-independent. The CARD–CC/Bcl10-dependent type 1 paracaspase shows MALT1-like activities. Deuterostomia (including tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates, and hemichordates), annelids, and mollusks inherited the Bcl10-dependent type 1 paracaspase, whereas most other bilaterian invertebrates kept the Bcl10-independent type 1 paracaspase. The model is based on currently available reliable sequence information and might change with additional data. Analogously, CARD–CC became duplicated and later fused with MAGUK domains in the jawed vertebrates. At this moment, we are uncertain about which of the four jawed vertebrate CARD–CC paralogs (CARD-9, -10, -11, -14) should be considered the ortholog of the ancestral CARD–CC. Also, upstream Syk became duplicated in jawed vertebrates, resulting in Zap70. (B) Proposed signaling model in various organism classes. Nothing is known about upstream activators of type 1 paracaspases in CARD–CC/Bcl10-independent organisms such as arthropods and nematodes.