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Effect of polystyrene nanoparticles on Caco-2 visualized by helium ion microscopy. Caco-2 cells in the abscense (a) and presence of (b) unmodified; (c) -COOH functionalized and (d) -NH2 functionalized NPs visualized by HIM showing the cytotoxic effect of the positively charge NPs. The lowest micrographs show the interaction of the (e) unmodified and (f) -COOH NPs with the cells at higher magnification and confirm the integrity of the cells.
