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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Med Assoc Thai. 2017 Sep;100(9):944–952.

Table 1.

List of early warning indicators (EWIs)

EWIs Description Target
VL coverage
  • Percentage of patients receiving ART at the site who had received VL testing during the first 12 months of ART

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients who had at least one VL screening during 3 to 12 months of ART

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients retained on ART at 12 months after initiation at the site who by national policy should have had a VL performed during 3 to 12 months of ART

Desirable: ≥90%
Fair: 80 to 89%
Poor: <80%
VL suppression
  • Percentage of patients receiving ART at the site whose VL was <1,000 copies/ml during the first 12 months

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients whose VL (the latest VL tested during 3 to 12 months of ART) was <1,000 copies/ml

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients retained on ART at 12 months after initiation who had at least one time VL screening during 3 to 12 months of ART

Desirable: ≥90%
Fair: 80 to 89%
Poor: <80%
Retention in care
  • Percentage of patients known to be alive and on treatment 12 months after initiation of ART

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients who are still alive and on ART 12 months after initiation

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients who were expected to achieve 12-month outcomes within the reporting year, including those recorded as dead, stopped therapy, or lost to follow-up during 12 months of ART

Desirable: >85%
Fair: 75 to 85%
Poor: <75%
Lost to follow-up
  • Percentage of patients lost to follow-up at 12 months of ART

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients who did not return to the clinic >90 days after the last missed appointment or drug pick-up date during 12 months of ART

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients who were expected to achieve 12-month outcomes within the reporting year, excluding those who were recorded as dead or transferred out during 12 months of ART

Desirable: <5%
Fair: 5 to 10%
Poor: >10%
Dispensing practices
  • Percentage of patients prescribed mono or dual ARV therapy

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients receiving ART at the end of the reporting year and prescribed a regimen consisting of one or two ARVs at their last clinic visit

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients receiving ART at the end of the reporting year

Desirable: 0%
Poor: >0%
On-time pill pick-up
  • Percentage of patients who picked up ART no more than two days late at the first pick-up after baseline pick-up

  • -

    Numerator: number of patients prescribed ART during a baseline month who returned for their next pill on time (within 2 days of their baseline month prescription running out if taken according to schedule)

  • -

    Denominator: number of patients prescribed ART during the baseline month of the reporting year

Desirable: >90%
Fair: 80 to 90%
Poor: <80%
Pharmacy stock-outs
  • Percentage of months in a reporting year in which there were no ARV drug stock-out

  • -

    Numerator: number of months in the reporting year in which there were no stock-out day of any ARV drug routinely used at the site

  • -

    Denominator: 12 months

Desirable: 100%
Poor: <100%

VL = viral load; ART = antiretroviral treatment; ARV = antiretroviral