Table 1.
Baseline sample characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes participating in a behavioral nutrition intervention efficacy trial
| All Participants (N=136) | Treatment (N=66) | Control (N=70) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth Sample Characteristics | ||||
| Demographics | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | |
| Age (years) | 12.8±2.6 | 12.6±2.7 | 13.0±2.5 | 0.27 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 66 (48.5) | 35 (53.0) | 31 (44.3) | 0.31 |
| Female | 70 (51.5) | 31 (47.0) | 39 (55.7) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 123 (90.4) | 58 (87.9) | 65 (92.9) | 0.17 |
| Hispanic | 7 (5.2) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Black | 5 (3.7) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (4.3) | |
| Other | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 6.0±3.1 | 5.6±2.5 | 6.3±3.6 | 0.15 |
| BMI z-score | 0.68±0.82 | 0.65±0.81 | 0.71±0.84 | 0.65 |
| Whole plant food density | 1.89±0.09 | 1.87±0.13 | 1.91±0.13 | 0.84 |
| Parent Sample Characteristics | ||||
| Relationship to child | ||||
| Mother | 115 (84.6) | 54 (81.8) | 61 (87.1) | 0.30 |
| Father | 17 (12.5) | 10 (15.2) | 7 (10.0) | |
| Stepmother | 1(0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Stepfather | 1(0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2(2.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 123 (90.4) | 58 (87.9) | 65 (92.9) | 0.17 |
| Hispanic | 7 (5.2) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Black | 5 (3.7) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (4.3) | |
| Other | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Highest parent education level | ||||
| High school or equivalent | 8 (5.9) | 4 (6.1) | 4 (5.7) | 0.48 |
| Junior college, technical or some college | 27 (19.9) | 11 (16.7) | 16 (22.9) | |
| College degree | 46 (33.8) | 20 (30.3) | 26 (37.1) | |
| Graduate education | 55 (40.4) | 31 (47.0) | 24 (34.3) | |
| Family poverty income ratio† | 5.2±3.1 | 5.5±3.2 | 4.9±3.0 | 0.23 |
| Parent BMI | 28.89±7.37 | 28.31±8.07 | 29.42±6.68 | 0.39 |
| Whole plant food density | 1.89±0.09 | 1.87±0.13 | 1.91±0.13 | 0.84 |
| Self-efficacy | 3.98±0.57 | 4.03±0.60 | 3.94±0.55 | 0.36 |
| Healthy eating barriers | 1.95±0.70 | 1.87±0.67 | 2.03±0.72 | 0.19 |
| Positive outcome expectations | 4.21±0.51 | 4.23±0.56 | 4.20±0.47 | 0.69 |
| Negative outcome expectations | 2.31±0.72 | 2.22±0.73 | 2.41±0.70 | 0.12 |
| Autonomous motivation | 6.00±0.94 | 6.05±0.84 | 5.97±1.03 | 0.62 |
| Controlled motivation | 2.89±1.03 | 2.71±0.89 | 3.06±1.12 | 0.05 |
| Nutrition knowledge | 79.64±9.54 | 79.75±9.30 | 79.54±9.83 | 0.90 |