Figure 3.

Condition of unbalanced DIF with 45% DIF items favoring the reference group; sample size ranges from (250; 250) to (1,500; 1,500); top-left: risk of contaminated anchors (at least one DIF item included in the anchor); top-right: degree of contamination (proportion of DIF items in contaminated anchors); bottom-left: false alarm rates when the anchor is contaminated; bottom-right: false alarm rates when the anchor is pure (not contaminated).

Note. DIF = differential item functioning; AO = all-other selection; SA = single-anchor selection; NC = next candidate selection.