Table 2.
Overview of the literature about deep brain stimulation in Tourette patients ≤25 years
| Author (year) | Number of patients | Age (years) | Sex | Target | Comorbidities | Follow-up (months) | YGTSS (% improvement) | Complications of the surgery | Side effects | Ethical aspects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahed [32] | 1 | 16 | M | GPi (posterior) | Anxiety, Depression, ADHD | 6 | 84% | None | Not mentioned | Not considered |
| Dueck [33] | 1 | 16 | M | GPi (posterior) | Mental retardation (IQ 60) | 12 | No change | None | Nausea, dizziness, anxiety (high V) | Not considered |
| Vernaleken [34] | 1 | 22 | M | Thalamus (pf, dmn, lm) | ADHD, OCB, depression | 6 | 36% | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not considered |
| Idris [29] | 1 | 24 | M | Thalamus (voi, cm, pf) | None | 2 | Not performed | Intracerebral hematoma | Not mentioned | Not considered |
| Kaido [30] | 3 | 19/20/21 | 1 M, 2F | Thalamus (voi, cm, pf) | OCB/depression in 1 patient | 12 | 44%/31%/29% | None | Blurred vision (high amplitude) | Not considered |
| Pullen [31] | 1 | 17 | M | Thalamus (cm, pf) | ADHD, OCB, borderline | 18 | 82% | None | Not mentioned | Not considered |
| Hwynn [35] | 1 | 15 | M | GPi (posterior) | Dystonia | 36 | Not performed | None | Not mentioned | Not considered |
| Savica [23] | 2 | 17/17 | 2 M | Thalamus (cm, pf) | OCB, ADHD, depression, SIB | 12 | 69%/80% | None | Transient paraesthesia | Self-injurious tics reason for inclusion |
| Duits [10] | 1 | 20 | F | Thalamus (voi, cm, pf) | Depression, autism, OCB, SIB | 36 | Not performed | None | Hypertonia, mutism, unconsciousness | Severe comorbidity as exclusion criteria |
| Dong [36] | 1 | 22 | M | Unilateral GPi (posterior) | None | 12 | 53% | None | None | Not considered |
| Massano [37] | 1 | 15 | M | GPi (anterior) | OCB, anxiety, depression | 24 | 61% | None | None | Not considered |
| Huasen [24] | 1 | 19 | F | GPi (anterior) | None | 12 | 55% | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Cervical myelopathy due to tics |
| Zekaj [38] | 1 | 17 | M | Thalamus (voi, cm, pf) | ADHD | 72 | 98% (without DBS) | None | None | Temporary DBS during adolescence |
| Hauseux [22] | 3 | 12/17/18 | 3 M | GPi (anterior & posterior), thalamus (cm, pf) | ADHD, OCB, depression, anxiety | 47/40/69 | 18%/6%/32% | None | Dysarthria, worsening OCB/mood | Not considered |
YGTSS Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, M Male, F Female, GPi globus pallidus internus, Pf parafascicular nucleus, DMN dorsomedial nucleus, LM Lamella Medialis, Voi nucleus ventro-oralis internus, CM centromedian nucleus, ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, IQ Intelligence Quotient, OCB obsessive-compulsive behaviour, SIB Self-Injurious Behaviour, V Voltage