Table 1.

Ligaments included in the model

Ligament	Stiffness (N/mm)
Dorsal radiocarpal	27 [13]
Radial collateral	10 [13]
Ulnar collateral	100 [13]
Radioulnar	50 [13]
Radioscaphocapitate	50 [13]
Long radiolunate	75 [13]
Short radiolunate	75 [13]
Ulnolunate	40 [13]
Ulnotriquetral	40 [13]
Radioulnar	50 [13]
Dorsal intercarpal	128 [13]
Dorsal trapeziotrapezoid	110 [13]
Dorsal capitotrapezoid	300 [13]
Dorsal capitohamate	325 [13]
Dorsal triquetrohamate	300 [13]
Dorsal lunate-capitate	150 [13]
Dorsal lunate-hamate	150 [13]
Dorsal scaphocapitate	150 [13]
Volar trapeziotrapezoid	110 [14]
Volar scaphotrapezial	150 [13]
Volar scaphotrapezoidal	150 [13]
Volar scaphocapitate	40 [13]
Volar capitotrapezoid	80 [14]
Volar capitohamate	210 [14]
Volar triquetrocapitate	40 [13]
Volar triquetrohamate	300 [13]
Scapholunate dorsal	60 [15, 18]
Scapholunate volar	30 [15, 18]
Scapholunate proximal	15 [15, 18]
Lunotriquetral volar	250 [14]
Trapeziotrapezoid	110 [14]
Capitotrapezoid	300 [13]
Capitohamate	325 [13]