Table 1.
Statistical analyses
| Sample size (figure order) | Factorial effects | Interaction effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall effects for Figure 1 | |||||||
| Running wheel activity | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘time (days)’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘time’ | |||
| Habituation | n = 14,12,13,13 | F [1,46] = 0.784; | P > 0.05* | F [6,276] = 1.350 | P > 0.05 | F [6,276] = 0.590 | P > 0.05 |
| Factor ‘exercise’ | Factor ‘exercise’ × ‘time’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise’ × ‘time’ | |||||
| F [1,46] = 304.1; | P < 0.05* | F [1,46] = 0.001 | P > 0.05 | F [6,276] = 0.515 | P > 0.05 | ||
| Treatment | n = 14,12,13,13 | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘time (days)’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘time’ | |||
| F [1,47] = 0.010; | P > 0.05* | F [13,611] = 7.392 | P < 0.05* | F [13,611] = 0.246 | P > 0.05 | ||
| Factor ‘exercise’ | Factor ‘exercise’ × ‘time’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise’ × ‘time’ | |||||
| F [1,47] = 204.1; | P < 0.05* | F [13,611] = 0.708 | P > 0.05 | F [13,611] = 0.365 | P > 0.05 | ||
| Withdrawal score | n = 13,14,13,12,12,13 | H[2] = 8.940a | P < 0.05* | – | – | – | – |
| Overall effects for Figure 2 | |||||||
| a4β2* nAChR binding | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| PrL | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 5.362 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.575 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.134 | P > 0.05 |
| CgCx | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 9.144 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.738 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.971 | P > 0.05 |
| AcbC | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 2.415 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.017 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.044 | P > 0.05 |
| AcbSh | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 5.199 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 1.391 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.168 | P > 0.05 |
| Th | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 1.101 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 2.243 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.027 | P > 0.05 |
| Hyp | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 21.10 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 1.051 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.007 | P > 0.05 |
| Hip | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 4.198 | P = 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.158 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.816 | P > 0.05 |
| SNc | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 11.51 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.881 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.202 | P > 0.05 |
| VTA | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 39.09 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.546 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.572 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Figure 3 | |||||||
| a7 nAChR binding | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| CgCx | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 6.588 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 4.357 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 3.020 | P > 0.05 |
| DEn | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 7.059 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 1.719 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.629 | P > 0.05 |
| MtCx | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 1.618 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.740 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 5.178 | P < 0.05* |
| Cl | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 6.661 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.141 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.218 | P > 0.05 |
| CA1 | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 13.30 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 8.299 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 2.447 | P > 0.05 |
| CA2/3 | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 36.63 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 21.80 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 4.005 | P < 0.05* |
| Amy | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 20.61 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 2.138 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.022 | P > 0.05 |
| Hyp | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 8.764 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 2.475 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.480 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Figure 4 | |||||||
| μ receptor binding | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| AcbC | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.0002 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.190 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.323 | P > 0.05 |
| AcbSh | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 1.094 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.807 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.660 | P > 0.05 |
| CPu | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.105 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.892 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.156 | P > 0.05 |
| DEn | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.013 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.539 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.820 | P > 0.05 |
| Hip | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.160 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.422 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.527 | P > 0.05 |
| MHb | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.647 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 1.329 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.019 | P > 0.05 |
| CL | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.953 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.626 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.129 | P > 0.05 |
| CM | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.057 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.602 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.719 | P > 0.05 |
| IMD | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 2.465 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 1.891 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.243 | P > 0.05 |
| Amy | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.251 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.027 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 0.075 | P > 0.05 |
| Hyp | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,24] = 0.070 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 3.205 | P > 0.05 | F [2,24] = 1.229 | P > 0.05 |
| D2 receptor binding | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| AcbC | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 0.097 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.102 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.414 | P > 0.05 |
| AcbSh | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 0.744 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.320 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.792 | P > 0.05 |
| Tu | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 0.328 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.017 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.229 | P > 0.05 |
| CPu | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 0.043 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.066 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.370 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Figure 5 | |||||||
| BDNF levels | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| PFC | n = 8,7,9,8,7,7 | F [1,40] = 0.0003 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 0.089 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 0.811 | P > 0.05 |
| Str | n = 8,7,9,8,7,7 | F [1,40] = 0.089 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 0.796 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 0.088 | P > 0.05 |
| Hip | n = 8,7,9,8,7,7 | F [1,40] = 0.003 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 0.335 | P > 0.05 | F [2,40] = 1.219 | P > 0.05 |
| Corticosterone levels | |||||||
| Plasma | n = 7,8,7,7,7,8 | F [1,34] = 9.757 | P < 0.05* | F [2,34] = 1.429 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.514 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Supporting Information Figure S1 | |||||||
| a4β2* nAChR binding | – | Factor ‘treatment’ | Factor ‘exercise regimen’ | Factor ‘treatment’ × ‘exercise regimen’ | |||
| MHb (cytisine‐sensitive) | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,26] = 0.388 | P > 0.05 | F [2,26] = 1.848 | P > 0.05 | F [2,26] = 0.644 | P > 0.05 |
| MHb (cytisine‐resistant) | n = 5,5,5,5,5,6 | F [1,52] = 0.060 | P > 0.05 | F [2,52] = 0.0690 | P > 0.05 | F [2,52] = 0.960 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Supporting Information Table S1 | |||||||
| a4β2* nAChR binding | |||||||
| FrA | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 25.34 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.063 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.479 | P > 0.05 |
| MtCx | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 13.23 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 1.304 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.287 | P > 0.05 |
| SS | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 24.82 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.589 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.150 | P > 0.05 |
| Pir | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 29.42 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.504 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.185 | P > 0.05 |
| RS | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 6.512 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.589 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.778 | P > 0.05 |
| CPu | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 7.022 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.624 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.010 | P > 0.05 |
| MS | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 16.50 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.709 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.651 | P > 0.05 |
| VDB | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 15.93 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.266 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.650 | P > 0.05 |
| AuCx | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 24.89 | P < 0.05* | F [2,25] = 0.470 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.236 | P > 0.05 |
| Overall effects for Supporting Information Table S2 | |||||||
| a7 nAChR binding | |||||||
| FrA | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 2.145 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.547 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.165 | P > 0.05 |
| CPu | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 1.564 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.327 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.501 | P > 0.05 |
| ZI | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 2.275 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.264 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 0.718 | P > 0.05 |
| VLG | n = 5,5,6,5,5,6 | F [1,25] = 3.710 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 1.302 | P > 0.05 | F [2,25] = 2.215 | P > 0.05 |
Data were analysed with ANOVA unless otherwise indicated, with significance threshold of *P < 0.05.
a
Non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, with significance threshold of *P < 0.05.
AcbC, nucleus accumbens core; AcbSh, nucleus accumbens shell; Amy, amygdala; AuCx, auditory cotex; CgCx, cingulate cortex; Cl, clostrum; CL, centrolateral thalamic nuclei; CM, centromedial thalamic nuclei; CPu, caudate‐putamen; DEn, dorsal endopiriform; FrA, frontal association; Hip, hippocampus; Hyp, hypothalamus; IMD, intermediate thalamic nuclei; MHb, medial habenula; MS, medial septum; MtCx, motor cortex; Pir, piriform cortex; PrL, prelimbic cortex; RS, retrosplenial cotex; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SS, somatosensory cortex; Th, thalamus; Tu, olfactory tubercle; VDB, vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca; VLG, ventral lateral geniculate; VTA, ventral tegmental area; ZI, zona incerta.