Table 8. Association between personality disorders and 12-month treatment in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area.
| Any treatment | Health care | Non-health care | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Specialist | |||||||||
| Psychiatrist | Other mental health§ | Any mental health | General medical‡ | Any health care | Human service|| | CAM¶ | Any non-health care | ||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| MODEL 1 | |||||||||
| Cluster A | 2.5 (1.0–6.0)* | 3.1 (1.0–9.7) | 2.3 (0.6–8.9) | 2.7 (0.9–8.2) | 2.6 (0.5–13.4) | 2.5 (0.9–6.8) | 2.3 (0.3–17.7) | 3.1 (0.5–20.7) | 2.8 (0.8–9.7) |
| Cluster B | 3.0 (1.4–6.2)** | 3.7 (1.6–8.6)** | 2.5 (0.8–7.6) | 3.2 (1.2–8.1)* | 2.9 (1.1–7.8)* | 2.7 (1.2–6.3)* | 1.9 (0.4–9.0) | 3.8 (0.9–16.7) | 3.2 (1.0–10.3) |
| Cluster C | 3.8 (2.0–7.3)** | 4.3 (1.7–10.9)** | 2.8 (1.0–8.4) | 3.7 (1.5–9.0)** | 2.9 (1.2–7.1)* | 3.5 (1.6–7.7)** | 2.6 (0.6–10.7) | 4.9 (1.4–17.0)* | 4.0 (1.6–10.1)** |
| Any PD | 3.0 (1.6–5.5)** | 4.1 (2.0–8.7)** | 2.6 (1.0–6.5)* | 3.3 (1.7–6.3)** | 3.1 (1.1–8.2)* | 3.1 (1.6–6.1)** | 2.3 (0.6–8.7) | 3.1 (0.7–14.0) | 2.8 (0.9–8.7) |
| MODEL 2 | |||||||||
| Cluster A | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) | 1.7 (0.5–5.5) | 1.4 (0.4–5.7) | 1.6 (0.5–5.1) | 1.5 (0.3–8.2) | 1.5 (0.5–4.3) | 1.4 (0.2–11.1) | 1.9 (0.3–13.6) | 1.7 (0.5–5.8) |
| Cluster B | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 1.5 (0.7–3.5) | 1.3 (0.4–4.0) | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) | 1.4 (0.5–3.7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.0) | 1.0 (0.2–4.7) | 1.9 (0.4–8.3) | 1.5 (0.5–4.7) |
| Cluster C | 2.0 (1.0–3.8)* | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | 1.6 (0.5–4.7) | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 1.4 (0.3–6.2) | 2.7 (0.7–9.9) | 2.0 (0.8–5.3) |
| Any PD | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) | 1.5 (0.6–4.1) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 1.6 (0.6–4.5) | 1.7 (0.9–3.4) | 1.3 (0.3–5.4) | 1.8 (0.4–8.3) | 1.5 (0.5–7.7) |
OR (95% CI): Odds ratio (95% confidence interval); CAM: complementary and alternative medicine
§ defined as psychologists or other non-psychiatrist mental health professionals in any setting, social worker or counsellor in a MHS setting or use of a mental health hotline
‡ defined as a primary care physician, other general physician, nurse, and any other health professional not previously mentioned
|| defined as a religious or spiritual advisor or social worker or counsellor in any setting other than a specialty mental health setting
¶ defined as any other type of healer, participation in an Internet support group, or participation in a self-help group
model 1: adjusted for gender and age; model 2: adjusted for gender, age and other 12-month mental disorders
* p < .05
**p < .01
***p < .001