Table 2. Results of meta-analyses of effects of mental health first aid training on outcomes.
N comparisons (k) | Cohen's d [95% CI] | p | I2% [95% CI] | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MHFA knowledge | |||||
Post | 3 | 0.72 [0.59, 0.86] | <.001 | 0 [0, 90] | ⊕⊕⊕⊕ High |
< = 6-month follow-up | 5 | 0.54 [0.43, 0.64] | <.001 | 0 [0, 79] | ⊕⊕⊕⊕ High |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | 0.31 [0.09, 0.53] | .006 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb | |
Recognition of mental health problem | |||||
Post | 7 | 0.22 [-0.17, 0.61] | .276 | 40 [0, 75] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
< = 6-month follow-up | 11 | 0.52 [0.41, 0.64] | <.001 | 11 [0, 51] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | 0.22 [-0.36, 0.80] | .450 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | |
Beliefs about effective treatments | |||||
Post | 4 | 0.45 [0.11, 0.79] | .010 | 85 [63, 94] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
< = 6-month follow-up | 11 | 0.19 [0.07, 0.32] | .002 | 59 [20, 79] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
Stigma | |||||
Post | 8 | 0.14 [0.03, 0.25] | .010 | 0 [0, 68] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
< = 6-month follow-up | 14 | 0.14 [0.05, 0.23] | .003 | 48 [4, 72] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | 0.08 [-0.14, 0.31] | .473 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | |
MHFA confidence | |||||
Post | 7 | 0.58 [0.29, 0.87] | <.001 | 79 [57, 90] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
< = 6-month follow-up | 12 | 0.46 [0.31, 0.62] | <.001 | 77 [60, 87] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,c |
>6-month follow-up | 2 | 0.21 [-0.09, 0.51] | .175 | 28# | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
MHFA intentions | |||||
Post | 4 | 0.75 [0.60, 0.91] | <.001 | 0 [0, 85] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
< = 6-month follow-up | 3 | 0.55 [-0.08, 1.18] | .085 | 91 [76, 96] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
>6-month follow-up | 2 | 0.26 [-0.12, 0.64] | .182 | 48# | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
Amount of MHFA provided | |||||
Post | 3 | -0.06 [-0.32, 0.20] | .650 | 0 [0, 90] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
< = 6-month follow-up | 9 | 0.23 [0.08, 0.38] | .002 | 63 [23, 82] | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
>6-month follow-up | 0 | ||||
Quality of MHFA provided | |||||
Post | 2 | 0.73 [-0.97, 2.43] | .399 | 94# | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
< = 6-month follow-up | 2 | -0.01 [-0.22, 0.19] | .950 | 76# | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | 0.25 [-0.17, 0.24] | .242 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | |
MHFA trainee mental health | |||||
Post | 3 | -0.04 [-0.39, 0.32] | .835 | 4 [0, 90] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
< = 6-month follow-up | 4 | 0.16 [-0.03, 0.35] | .093 | 0 [0, 85] | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | 0.02 [-0.20, 0.24] | .882 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | |
MHFA recipient mental health | |||||
Post | 0 | ||||
< = 6-month follow-up | 2 | 0.14 [-0.05, 0.33] | .144 | 0# | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b |
>6-month follow-up | 1 | -0.09 [-0.32, 0.14] | .458 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
# too few studies to calculate confidence interval.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence:
High quality ⊕⊕⊕⊕: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality ⊕⊕⊕⊝: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: ⊕⊕⊝⊝Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: ⊕⊝⊝⊝We are very uncertain about the estimate.
a Downgraded due to risk of bias.
b Downgraded due to imprecision.
c Downgraded due to publication bias.