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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 31.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 20;11(1):71–82. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1378095

Table 3.

Clinically Observed Microbiota-Derived Uremic Toxin Concentrations

Microbial Toxin Normal Total
Concentration (SD)
[µM]		 Mean Uremic Free
Concentration (SD)
[µM]		 Mean Uremic Total
Concentration (SD)
[µM] 		Highest Uremic Total
Concentration (SD or
Range) [µM]
CMPF 15 (1) - 25 (10) 135 (46) [109]
Hippuric Acid 17 (11) 231 (80) 398 (77) 487 (345)
Indole-3-acetic acid 3 (1.7) 2.1 (0.6) 12 (2) 14 (13)
Indoxyl sulfate 2.5 (1.4) 15 (5.7) 109 (61) 210 (72)
Kynurenic acid .03 (.007) - - 0.8 (0.4)
P-cresol sulfate 10 (7) 9.3 (6.4) 111 (65) 218 (71)

CMPF, 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid.

Adapted from Duranton et al., J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7): 1258–1270 [44]