Table 1.

Methods and materials used to engineer 3-D cancer or other disease models.

Technique	Method	Material
3-D bioprinting	BIP (bioink printing) [29] Extrusion printing [51] Laser-assisted bioprinting [37,38] Microvalve printing [52,53,54,55]	Hydrogel Biomolecular ink [29] Matrigel alginate [51] Chitosan [52] Gelatin [52] Alginate [54] Fibrinogen [55]
microfluidics	Soft lithography [33,35,36,56,57,58,59]	Matrigel [58] Collagen [18,33,35,57] Gelatin [57] Calcium alginate [58,59]
photochemistry	FLDW (femtosecond laser direct writing) [38] DMD-PP process(digital micromirror device-based projection printing) [37] UV-light exporsure [39]	BSA [38] Fibronectin [38] Polyethylene glycol (PEG) [37] Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) [37] Methacrylamide-modified gelatin or hydrogel [39]