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Effect of high-fructose diet (HFR), high-fat (HFA) diet, and metformin (M) on mRNA expression of (A) silent information regulator transcript 1 (SIRT1) and 4 (SIRT4); (B) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α-, β- and γ-subunits; and (C) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α-, β- and γ-isoforms and PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in 12-week-old male offspring kidneys. * p < 0.05 vs. ND/ND, # p < 0.05 vs. HFR/ND, † p < 0.05 vs. ND/HFA, ‡ p < 0.05 vs. HFR/HFA.
