Table 4.
lncRNA associated with essential hypertension.
| Species | lncRNA | Cohort/Model | Function | Detection/Evaluation | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | CDKN2B-AS1 | HT vs. NT (Turkish) | Interacts with PRC1 & PRC2 to repress CDKN2A/B locus. Regulate VSMC stiffness | qPCR to test if published 9p21.3 SNPs are associated with BP | Significant difference in genotype freq of the 4 SNPs betw HT and NT. Association betw rs10757274 & rs2383207 (AA) and SBP. | [81] |
| Human | H19 | 87,736 indiv. + 68,368 indiv. from European ancestry | Regulator of mammlain development, inhibits cell proliferation. Methylation of H19 associated with preeclampsia and imprinting syndrome and growth retardation. | Discovery meta analysis, genome-wide SNP genotype | 11 Loci with 31 genes uncovered with H19 as a lncRNA. | [96] |
| Human/Rat | GAS5 | Transfecton of HUVEC, human VSMC, GAS5 viral knockdown in SHR vs. Wky | Regulate remodelling of arteries (caudal, carotid, renal and thoracic); regulate transcription of androgen, progesterone, mineralcorticoid receptors; involved in cellular growth arrest and apoptosis | BP measurement, tissue staining for arterial remodeling evaluation, qPCR for GAS5 expression | GAS5 expression down regulated in HT. knockdown increased SBP and DBP and mean arterial BP (in SHR) retinal neovascularization and capillary leakage, endothelial activation and proliferation | [99] |
| Human/Rat | AK098656 | HT vs. NT (China); AK098656 transgenic rat model | Induce VSMC synthetic phenotye. Bind to myosin heavy chain-11, fibronectin-1, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11, actin, actin-binding protein | LncRNA microarray, whole-genome microarray | Upregulated in plasma of HT group vs. NT, increase VSMC proliferation & migration, upregulate extracellular matrix but downregulate contractile proteins. | [95] |
| Human/Mouse | MALAT1 | HUVEC and MALAT1 KO model | Control cellular proliferation through histone modification | RNASeq, Microarray, qPCR | Vessel growth, endothelial cell function | [97] |
| Rats | XR007793 | Wky/SHR and VSMC subjected to hypertensive level cyclic strain | No known predicted target | Microarray and qPCR | Kncockdown of XR007793 repress VSMC proliferation & migration. Reduced transcript expression of stat2, lmo2 and irf7. | [93] |
| Rats | 749 lncRNAs | Dahl SS/SR and SHR | - | RNASeq, mRNA trasncrptome analysis | Asb3, Chac2, Pex11b, Sp5 | [94] |
| Rats | sONE | Borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) fed high, medium and low salt diets | From transcription unit (NOS3AS) on opposing strand of human eNOS. Inhibiton of sONE increases eNOS and vice versa when sONE is overexpressed. | qPCR | Lycium Barbarum L. ameliorated hypertension, reduced sONE expression and improved eNOS expression compared to high salt diet rats. | [100] |
Abbreviations. HT: hypertensive; NT: normotensive; SS: salt sensitive; SR: sat-resistant; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; KO: knockout; SS: salt sensitive; SR: salt resistant; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PWV: pulse wave velocity; Wky: Wistar-Kyoto rats; SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rats; n/iCMIT: normal/increased carotid intima-media thickness.