| GCLC | glutamate cysteine ligase-catalytic subunit |
| GCLM | glutamate cysteine ligase-catalytic modifier subunit |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| HO-1 | heme oxygenase 1 |
| Keap1 | Kelch ECH association protein 1 |
| NQO1 | NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 |
| Nrf2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
| PhGs | salidroside, acteoside, isoacteoside, and echinacoside |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| ZnPP | zinc protoporphyrin |
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