| Ad-MSCs | primary human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
| B-MSCs | bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
| AP | alkaline phosphatase |
| ELF-PEMF | extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields |
| FCS | fetal calf serum |
| hrM-CSF | human recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
| hrRANKL | human recombinant receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand |
| OBs | primary human osteoblasts |
| OCs | primary human osteoclasts |
| Trap5B | tartrate resistant acidic phosphatase |
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