| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| S6K1 | kinases p70S6K1 |
| eIF4E | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E |
| 4E-BP1 | eIF4E-Binding protein 1 |
| PKC-∝ | protein kinase C-∝ |
| Akt | protein kinase B |
| Bcl-xL | B-cell lymphoma-extra large |
| Bcl-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
| Bad | Bcl-2-associated death promoter |
| Bax | Bcl-2 like protein 4 |
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